В статьях на сайте использованы следующие сокращения:

• α₁-АТ — α₁-антитрипсин
• АБП — алкогольная болезнь печени
• АК — актинический кератоз
• АКТГ — адренокортикотропный гормон
• АТФ— аденозинтрифосфат
• АФП — α-фетопротеин
• БКР — базальноклеточный рак
• ВГА — вирус гепатита А
• ВГВ — вирус гепатита В
• ВГС — вирус гепатита С
• ВЗК — воспалительные заболевания кишечника
• ВИЧ — вирус иммунодефицита человека
• ГГС — гиперосмолярное гипергликемическое состояние
• ГГТ — γ-глутамилтранспептидаза
• ГПП — глюкагоноподобный пептид
• ГР — гормон роста
• ГЦК — гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома
• ГЭРБ — гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь
• ДКА — диабетический кетоацидоз
• ДНК — дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота
• ДПП-4 — дипептидилпептидаза-4
• ИЛ — интерлейкин
• ИМТ — индекс массы тела
• ИПП — ингибитор протонной помпы
• ИФР — инсулиноподобный фактор роста
• КН — кишечная недостаточность
• КТ — компьютерная томография/компьютерно-томографический
• ЛГ — лютеинизирующий гормон
• ME — международная единица
• МРТ — магнитно-резонансная томография
• МРХПГ — магнитно-резонансная холангиопанкреатография
• МЭН — множественные эндокринные неоплазии НАЖБП— неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени
• НАСГ — неалкогольный стеатогепатит
• НМГ — непрерывное мониторирование гликемии
• НПВС — нестероидные противовоспалительные средства
• НЭО — нейроэндокринные опухоли
• ПБХ — первичный билиарный холангит
• ПВ — протромбиновое время
• ПКР — плоскоклеточный рак
• ППС — преждевременное половое созревание
• ПСХ — первичный склерозирующий холангит
• ПТГ — паратиреоидный гормон
• ПУВА — псорален + ультрафиолет типа А
• ПЦР — полимеразная цепная реакция
• ГнРГ — гонадотропин-рилизинг-гормон
• РНК — рибонуклеиновая кислота
• САП — семейный аденоматозный полипоз
• СГГ — семейная гипокальциурическая гиперкальциемия
• СЖК — свободные жирные кислоты
• СПКЯ — синдром поликистозных яичников
• СРК — синдром раздраженной кишки
• ТТГ — тиреотропный гормон
• УЗИ — ультразвуковое исследование
• УФ — ультрафиолетовый/ультрафиолет
• УФА — ультрафиолет типа А
• УФВ — ультрафиолет типа В
• ФДТ — фотодинамическая терапия
• ФНО — фактор некроза опухоли
• ФСГ — фолликулостимулирующий гормон ЦНС — центральная нервная система
• ЩФ — щелочная фосфатаза
• ЭРХПГ — эндоскопическая ретроградная холангиопанкреатография
• MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) — сахарный диабет взрослого типа у молодых
• SGLT (Sodium-GLucose co-Transporter) — натрий-глюкозный котранспортер
• TIPSS (Transjugular Intrahepatic PortoSystemic Shunt) — трансъюгулярный внутрипеченочный портосистемный шунт

В ходе подготовки статей по разделам гастроэнтерология, эндокринология, дерматология внутренних болезней для пользователей сайта МедУнивер использованы труды следующих авторов:

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19. Brian J Angus BSc(Hons), DTM&H, FRCP, MD, FFTM(Glas), Associate Professor, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
20. Quentin M Anstee BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCP, Professor of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne; Honorary Consultant Hepatologist, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
21. Leslie Burnett MBBS, PhD, FRCPA, FHGSA Chief Medical Officer, Genome.One, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney; Conjoint Professor, St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW; Honorary Professor in Pathology and Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
22. Mark Byers OBE, FRCGP, FFSEM, FIMC, MRCEM, Consultant in Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine, Institute of Pre-Hospital Care, London, UK
23. Harry Campbell MD, FRCPE, FFPH, FRSE, Professor of Genetic Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK
24. Gavin PR Clunie BSc, MD, FRCP, Consultant Rheumatologist and Metabolic Bone Physician, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
25. Lesley A Colvin BSc, FRCA, PhD, FRCPE, FFPMRCA, Consultant, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Honorary Professor in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
26. Bryan Conway MB, MRCP, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh; Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK
27. Nicola Cooper FAcadMEd, FRCPE, FRACP, Consultant Physician, Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Derby; Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
28. Alison L Cracknell FRCP, Consultant, Medicine for Older People, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds; Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, University of Leeds, UK
29. Dominic J Culligan BSc, MD, FRCP, FRCPath, Consultant Haematologist, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary; Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Aberdeen, UK
30. Graham G Dark FRCP, FHEA, Senior Lecturer in Medical Oncology and Cancer Education, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
31. Richard J Davenport DM, FRCPE, BMedSci, Consultant Neurologist, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK
32. David Н Dockrell MD, FRCPI, FRCPG, FACP Professor of Infection Medicine, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
33. Emad El-Omar BSc(Hons), MD(Hons), FRCPE, FRSE, FRACP, Professor of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
34. Marie Fallon MD, FRCP, St Columba’s Hospice Chair of Palliative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
35. David R FitzPatrick MD, FMedSci, Professor, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
36. Neil R Grubb MD, FRCP, Consultant in Cardiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Honorary Senior Lecturer in Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
37. Sally H Ibbotson BSc(Hons), MD, FRCPE, Professor of Photodermatology, University of Dundee; Honorary Consultant Dermatologist and Head of Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
38. J Alastair Innes BSc, PhD, FRCPE, Consultant, Respiratory Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Honorary Reader in Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
39. Sara J Jenks BSc(Hons), MRCP, FRCPath, Consultant in Metabolic Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK
40. Sarah L Johnston FCRP, FRCPath, Consultant Immunologist, Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
41. David EJ Jones MA, BM, PhD, FRCP, Professor of Liver Immunology, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne; Consultant Hepatologist, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
42. Peter Langhorne PhD, FRCPG, FRCPI, Professor of Stroke Care, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
43. Stephen M Lawrie MD(Hons), FRCPsych, FRCPE(Hon), Professor of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK
44. John Paul Leach MD, FRCPG, FRCPE, Consultant Neurologist, Institute of Neuroscience, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow; Head of Undergraduate Medicine and Honorary Associate Clinical Professor, University of Glasgow, UK
45. Gary Maartens MBChB, FCP(SA), MMed, Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
46. Lucy Mackillop MA(Oxon), FRCP, Consultant Obstetric Physician, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford; Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, UK
47. Michael J MacMahon FRCA, FICM, EDIC, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK
48. Rebecca Mann BMedSci, MRCP, FRCPCh, Consultant Paediatrician, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
49. Lynn M Manson MD, FRCPE, FRCPath, Consultant Haematologist, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Department ofTransfusion Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK
50. Sara E Marshall FRCP, FRCPath, PhD, Professor of Clinical Immunology, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, UK
51. Amanda Mather MBBS, FRACP, PhD, Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney; Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
52. Simon RJ Maxwell BSc, MD, PhD, FRCP, FRCPE, FBPhS, FHEA, Professor of Student Learning — Clinical Pharmacology and Prescribing, and Medical Director, UK Prescribing Safety Assessment, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Edinburgh, UK
53. David A McAllister MSc, MD, MRCP, MFPH, Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellow and Beit Fellow, Senior Clinical Lecturer in Epidemiology, and Honorary Consultant in Public Health Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
54. Rory J McCrimmon MD, FRCPE, Professor of Experimental Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Dundee, UK
55. Mairi H McLean BSc(Hons), MRCP, PhD, Senior Clinical Lecturer in Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen; Honorary Consultant Gastroenterologist, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK
56. Francesca EM Neuberger MRCP(UK), Consultant Physician in Acute Medicine and Obstetric Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
57. David E Newby BA, BSc(Hons), PhD, BM DM DSc, FMedSci, FRSE, FESC, FACC, British Heart Foundation John Wheatley Professor of Cardiology, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
58. John DC Newell-Price MA, PhD, FRCP, Professor of Endocrinology and Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, UK
59. John Olson MD, FRPCE, FRCOphth, Consultant Ophthalmic Physician, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary; Honorary Reader, University of Aberdeen, UK
60. Ewan R Pearson MA, PhD, FRCPE, Professor of Diabetic Medicine, University of, Dundee, UK
61. Paul J Phelan MD, FRCPE, Consultant Nephrologist and Renal Transplant Physician, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Honorary, Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK
62. Stuart H Ralston MD, FRCP, FMedSci, FRSE, FFPM(Hon), Arthritis Research UK Professor of Rheumatology, University of Edinburgh; Honorary Consultant Rheumatologist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
63. Peter T Reid MD, FRCPE, Consultant Physician, Respiratory Medicine, Lothian University Hospitals, Edinburgh, UK
64. Jonathan AT Sandoe PhD, FRCPath, Associate Clinical Professor, University of Leeds; Consultant Microbiologist, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
65. Gordon R Scott BSc, FRCP, Consultant in Genitourinary Medicine, Chalmers Sexual Health Centre, Edinburgh, UK
66. Alan G Shand MD, FRCPE, Consultant Gastroenterologist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
67. Robby M Steel MA, MD, FRCPsych, Consultant Liaison Psychiatrist, Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; Honorary (Clinical) Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK
68. Grant D Stewart BSc(Hons), FRCSEd(Urol), PhD, University Lecturer in Urological Surgery, Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge; Honorary Consultant Urological Surgeon, Department of Urology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge; Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK
69. Peter Stewart MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MBA, Associate Professor in Chemical Pathology, University of Sydney; Area Director of Clinical Biochemistry and Head of the Biochemistry Department, Royal Prince Alfred and Liverpool Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
70. Mark WJ Strachan BSc(Hons), MD, FRCPE, Consultant Endocrinologist, Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Honorary Professor, University of Edinburgh, UK
71. David R Sullivan MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, FCSANZ Clinical Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney; Physician and Chemical Pathologist, Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
72. Shyam Sundar MD, FRCP(London), FAMS, FNASc, FASc, FNA, Professor of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
73. Victoria R Tailentire BSc(Hons), MD, FRCPE, Consultant Physician, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh; Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK
74. Katrina Tatton-Brown BA, MD, FRCP, Consultant in Clinical Genetics, South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George’s Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London; Reader in Clinical Genetics and Genomic Education, St George’s University, London, UK
75. Simon HL Thomas MD, FRCP, FRCPE, Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
76. Henry G Watson MD, FRCPE, FRCPath, Consultant Haematologist, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary; Honorary Professor of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK
77. Julian White MB, BS, MD, FACTM, Head of Toxinology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide; Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia
78. John PH Wilding DM, FRCP, Professor of Medicine, Obesity and Endocrinology, University of Liverpool, UK
79. Miles D Witham PhD, FRCPE, Clinical Reader in Ageing and Health, University of Dundee, UK
80. Amitesh Aggarwal, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
81. Ragavendra Bhat, Professor of Internal Medicine, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
82. Matthew A Brown, Professor and Director of Genomics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
83. Khalid I Bzeizi, Senior Consultant and Head of Hepatology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
84. Arnold Cohen, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine at Washington State University, Spokane, Washington; Associate Clinical Professor, University of Washington School of Medicine; Gastroenterologist, Spokane Digestive Disease Center, Washington, USA
85. MK Daga, Director Professor of Medicine, and In-Charge Intensive Care Unit and Center for Occupational and Environment Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
86. D Dalus, Professor and Head, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College and Hospital, Trivandrum, India
87. Sydney C D’Souza, Professor of Medicine, AJ Institute of Medical Science, Mangalore; Former Head, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal University, India
88. Tanin Kumar Dutta, Professor of Medicine and Clinical Hematology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
89. M Abul Faiz, Professor of Medicine (Retired), Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
90. AG Frauman, Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Australia
91. Sujoy Ghosh, Associate Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
92. Hadi A Goubran, Haematologist, Saskatoon Cancer Centre and Adjunct Professor, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Professor of Medicine and Haematology (Sabbatical), Cairo University, Egypt
93. Rajiva Gupta, Director and Head, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medanta — The Medicity, Gurgaon, India
94. Saroj Jayasinghe, Chair Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo; Honorary Consultant Physician, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
95. AL Kakrani, Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre; Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pimpri, Pune, India
96. Vasantha Kamath, Senior Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
97. Piotr Kuna, Professor of Medicine; Chairman, 2nd Department of Medicine; Head of Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
98. Pravin Manga, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University ofWitwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
99. Ammar F Mubaidin, Professor of Neurology, Jordan University Hospital, Khalidi Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
100. Milind Nadkar, Professor of Medicine and Chief of Rheumatology and Emergency Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and КЕМ Hospital, Mumbai, India
101. Matthew Ng, Honorary Clinical Professor, University of Hong Kong, Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
102. Moffat Nyirenda, Professor of Medicine (Global Non-Communicable Diseases), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Honorary Professor of Research, College of Medicine, University of Malawi
103. Tommy Olsson, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Umed University Hospital, Sweden
104. Ami Prakashvir Parikh, Consultant Physician, Sheth VS General Hospital, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad; Professor of Medicine and Head of Department of Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
105. Medha Y Rao, Professor of Internal Medicine, Principal and Dean, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
106. NR Rau, Consultant Physician, Anugraha Medical Centre and Adarsha Hospital, Udupi, Karnataka; Former Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
107. Nirmalendu Sarkar, Professor and Head (Retired), Department of Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
108. KR Sethuraman, Vice-Chancellor, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Pondicherry, India
109. Surendra К Sharma, Adjunct Professor, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard Institute of Molecular Medicine, Hamdard University, Delhi; Director of Research and Adjunct Professor, Departments of General Medicine and Pulmonary Medicine, JNMC, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (M), Wardha Maharashtra, India
110. Ibrahim Sherif, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Tripoli University; Consultant Endocrinologist, Alafia Clinic, Tripoli, Libya
111. Ian J Simpson, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
112. SG Siva Chidambaram, Professor of Medicine, Dean/SPL Officer, Perambalur Government Medical College and GHQ, Perambalur, India
113. Arvind К Vaish, Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow; Ex-Professor and Head of Medicine, KG Medical University, Lucknow, India
114. Josanne Vassallo, Professor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta; Consultant Endocrinologist, Division of Endocrinology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta

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Редактор: Искандер Милевски. Дата обновления публикации: 22.9.2023