ÌåäÓíèâåð - MedUniver.com Âñå ðàçäåëû ñàéòà Âèäåî ïî ìåäèöèíå Êíèãè ïî ìåäèöèíå Ôîðóì êîíñóëüòàöèé âðà÷åé  
Ðåêîìåíäóåì:
Ïåäèàòðèÿ:
Ïåäèàòðèÿ
Ãåíåòèêà â ïåäèàòðèè
Äåòñêàÿ àëëåðãîëîãèÿ è èììóíîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ãàñòðîýíòåðîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ãåìàòîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ãèíåêîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ è ïîäðîñòêîâàÿ ñòîìàòîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ êàðäèîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ íåâðîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ íåôðîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ îíêîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ îôòàëüìîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ïóëüìîíîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ðåâìàòîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ óðîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ôàðìàêîëîãèÿ
Äåòñêàÿ ýíäîêðèíîëîãèÿ
Èíôåêöèîííûå áîëåçíè ó äåòåé
Íåîíàòîëîãèÿ
Íåîòëîæíûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ äåòåé
Ïîäðîñòêîâàÿ ìåäèöèíà
Ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ðåáåíêà
Îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïåäèàòðè÷åñêîé ïîìîùè
Ôîðóì
 

Àâòîðû òðóäîâ (ñòàòåé) èñïîëüçîâàííûå ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ìàòåðèàëîâ ïî äåòñêîé ãàñòðîýíòåðîëîãèè â ïåäèàòðèè

 ñòàòüÿõ íà ñàéòå èñïîëüçîâàíû ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ:

  • °F — òåìïåðàòóðà ïî Ôàðåíãåéòó
  • °C — òåìïåðàòóðà ïî Öåëüñèþ
  • 5-ÍÒ — 5-ãèäðîêñèèíäîëóêñóñíàÿ êèñëîòà ìî÷è
  • ÀÁ — àíòèáèîòèê(è)
  • ÀÁËÀ — àëëåðãè÷åñêèé áðîíõîëåãî÷íûé àñïåðãèëëåç
  • ÀÁÒ — àíòèáàêòåðèàëüíàÿ òåðàïèÿ
  • ÀÂ — àòðèîâåíòðèêóëÿðíûé
  • ÀÃ — àðòåðèàëüíàÿ ãèïåðòåíçèÿ
  • ÀÃí — àíòèãåí
  • ÀÄ — àðòåðèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÀÄà — àíòèäèóðåòè÷åñêèé ãîðìîí
  • ÀÄÑ — àíàòîêñèí äèôòåðèéíî-ñòîëáíÿ÷íûé
  • ÀÄÑ-Ì — àíàòîêñèí äèôòåðèéíî-ñòîëáíÿ÷íûé (ìàëûå äîçû)
  • ÀÄÔ — àäåíîçèíäèôîñôîðíàÿ êèñëîòà, àäåíîçèíäèôîñôàò
  • ÀÊÄÑ — àíàòîêñèí êîêëþøíî-äèôòåðèéíî-ñòîëáíÿ÷íûé
  • ÀÊÒÃ — àäðåíîêîðòèêîòðîïíûé ãîðìîí
  • ÀÊØ — àîðòîêîðîíàðíîå øóíòèðîâàíèå
  • ÀËÒ — àëàíèíàìèíîòðàíñôåðàçà
  • àìåð. — àìåðèêàíñêèé
  • ÀÌÊ — àçîò ìî÷åâèíû êðîâè
  • ÀÌÔ — àäåíîçèíìîíîôîñôîðíàÿ êèñëîòà, àäåíîçèíìîíîôîñôàò
  • ÀÍÀ — àíòèíóêëåàðíûå àíòèòåëà
  • àíàò. — àíàòîìè÷åñêèé
  • àíãë. — àíãëèéñêèé
  • ÀÏÔ — àíãèîòåíçèí-ïðåâðàùàþùèé ôåðìåíò
  • ÀÐÂÒ — àíòèðåòðîâèðóñíàÿ òåðàïèÿ
  • ÀÐÏ — àêòèâíîñòü ðåíèíà â ïëàçìå êðîâè
  • ACT — àñïàðòàòàìèíîòðàíñôåðàçà
  • ÀÒë — àíòèòåëî
  • ÀÒÔ — àäåíîçèíòðèôîñôîðíàÿ êèñëîòà, àäåíîçèíòðèôîñôàò
  • ÀóÄ — àóòîñîìíî-äîìèíàíòíûé
  • ÀóÐ — àóòîñîìíî-ðåöåññèâíûé
  • ÀÔÏ — α-ôåòîïðîòåèí
  • ÀÔÑ — àíòèôîñôîëèïèäíûé ñèíäðîì
  • ÀÕÝ — àöåòèëõîëèíýñòåðàçà
  • ÀÖÕ — àöåòèëõîëèí
  • À×Ò — àêòèâèðîâàííîå ÷àñòè÷íîå òðîìáîïëàñòèíîâîå âðåìÿ
  • ÁÀ — áðîíõèàëüíàÿ àñòìà
  • ÁÀÄ — áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíàÿ äîáàâêà
  • ÁÀË — áðîíõîàëüâåîëÿðíûé ëàâàæ
  • ÁÀÐ — áèïîëÿðíîå àôôåêòèâíîå ðàññòðîéñòâî (I èëè II òèïà)
  • ÁÊÊ — áîëüøîé êðóã êðîâîîáðàùåíèÿ
  • ÁËÄ — áðîíõîëåãî÷íàÿ äèñïëàçèÿ
  • ÁËÍÏà — áëîêàäà ëåâîé íîæêè ïó÷êà Ãèñà
  • ÁÌÑÝ — áþðî ìåäèêî-ñîöèàëüíîé ýêñïåðòèçû
  • ÁÏ — áðþøíàÿ ïîëîñòü
  • ÁÏÍÏà — áëîêàäà ïðàâîé íîæêè ïó÷êà Ãèñà
  • ÁÐÌ — áàçîâûå ðåàíèìàöèîííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ
  • ÁÐÍÑ — áûñòðî ðàçðåøèâøååñÿ íåîáúÿñíèìîå ñîáûòèå
  • ÁÖÆ — áàöèëëà Êàëüìåòòà-Ãåðåíà â ò.÷. — â òîì ÷èñëå
  • ÁÔÏ - áèîôèçè÷åñêèé ïðîôèëü ïëîäà
  • â. — âåê
  • â/ — âíóòðè... â ñëîæíîñîñòàâíûõ ñëîâàõ (íàïð. â/ñîñóäèñòûé, â/÷åðåïíîé è ò.ï.)
  • â/à — âíóòðèàðòåðèàëüíî
  • â/â — âíóòðèâåííî
  • â/ê — âíóòðèêîæíî
  • â/ì — âíóòðèìûøå÷íî
  • ââ. — âåêà
  • â-âî — âåùåñòâî
  • ÂÂÝ — âîåííî-âðà÷åáíàÿ ýêñïåðòèçà
  • ÂÃÄ — âíóòðèãëàçíîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÂÃ× — âèðóñ ãåðïåñà ÷åëîâåêà
  • ÂÄÏ — âåðõíèå äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè
  • ÂÆÊ — âíóòðèæåëóäî÷êîâîå êðîâîèçëèÿíèå
  • ÂÇÊ — âîñïàëèòåëüíûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ êèøå÷íèêà
  • ÂÇÎÌÒ—âîñïàëèòåëüíûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ îðãàíîâ ìàëîãî òàçà
  • ÂÈÏ — âàçîàêòèâíûé èíòåñòèíàëüíûé ïåïòèä
  • ÂÈ× — âèðóñ èììóíîäåôèöèòà ÷åëîâåêà
  • ÂÌÏ — âûñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÂÌÑ — âíóòðèìàòî÷íîå ñðåäñòâî (ñïèðàëü)
  • ÂÍ — âèðóñíàÿ íàãðóçêà
  • ÂÍÑ — âåãåòàòèâíàÿ íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ÂΠ— Âåëèêàÿ Îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ âîéíà
  • ÂÎÃÌ — âûñîêîãîðíûé îòåê ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
  • ÂÎÇ — Âñåìèðíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ
  • ÂÎË — âûñîêîãîðíûé îòåê ëåãêèõ
  • ÂÎÌÊ — âðà÷, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèé ìåäèöèíñêèé êîíòðîëü
  • ÂÎÏ — âðà÷ îáùåé ïðàêòèêè
  • ÂÏÂ — âåðõíÿÿ ïîëàÿ âåíà
  • ÂÏÃ — âèðóñ ïðîñòîãî ãåðïåñà
  • ÂÏÐ — âðîæäåííûå ïîðîêè ðàçâèòèÿ
  • ÂÏÑ — âðîæäåííûé ïîðîê ñåðäöà
  • ÂÏ× — âèðóñ ïàïèëëîìû ÷åëîâåêà
  • ÂÐÒ — âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå òåõíîëîãèè
  • ÂÑÎ — âîäíî-ñîëåâîé îáìåí
  • Â×Ä — âíóòðè÷åðåïíîå äàâëåíèå
  • Â×ÈÂË — âûñîêî÷àñòîòíàÿ èñêóññòâåííàÿ âåíòèëÿöèÿ ëåãêèõ (HFV)
  • ÂÝÁ — âèðóñ Ýïøòåéíà-Áàðð
  • ã — ãðàìì
  • ã. — ãîä
  • Ã-6-ÔÄ — ãëþêîçî-6-ôîñôàòäåãèäðîãåíàçà
  • ÃÀÌÊ — ãàììà-àìèíîìàñëÿíàÿ êèñëîòà
  • ÃÁ — ãèïåðòîíè÷åñêàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÃÁÍ — ãåìîëèòè÷åñêàÿ áîëåçíü íîâîðîæäåííîãî
  • ÃÁÎ — ãèïåðáàðè÷åñêàÿ îêñèãåíàöèÿ
  • ÃÇÒ — ãèïåð÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü çàìåäëåííîãî òèïà
  • ãèñò. — ãèñòîëîãè÷åñêèé
  • ÃÊ — ãðóäíàÿ êëåòêà
  • ÃÊÌÏ — ãèïåðòðîôè÷åñêàÿ êàðäèîìèîïàòèÿ
  • ÃÊÑ — ãëþêîêîðòèêîñòåðîèä(û)
  • ÃËÃ — ãåìîôàãîöèòàðíûé ëèìôîãèñòèîöèòîç
  • ÃËÏÑ — ãåìîððàãè÷åñêàÿ ëèõîðàäêà ñ ïî÷å÷íûì ñèíäðîìîì
  • ÃÌ — ãîëîâíîé ìîçã
  • ÃÌ-ÊÑÔ — ãðàíóëîöèòàðíî-ìàêðîôàãàëüíûé êîëîíèåñòèìóëèðóþùèé ôàêòîð
  • ÃÌÔ — ãóàíîçèíìîíîôîñôàò
  • ÃíÐà — ãîíàäîòðîïèí-ðèëèçèíã-ãîðìîí
  • ÃÍÒ — ãèïåð÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü íåìåäëåííîãî òèïà
  • ÃÏÎÄ — ãðûæà ïèùåâîäíîãî îòâåðñòèÿ äèàôðàãìû
  • ÃÐÄÑ — ãèïîêñè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ äûõàòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû ãðå÷. — ãðå÷åñêèé
  • ÃÒÔ — ãóàíîçèíòðèôîñôàò
  • ÃÓÑ — ãåìîëèòèêî-óðåìè÷åñêèé ñèíäðîì
  • Ãö — ãåðö
  • ÃÝÁ — ãåìàòîýíöåôàëè÷åñêèé áàðüåð
  • ÃÝÐ — ãàñòðîýçîôàãåàëüíûé ðåôëþêñ
  • ÃÝÐÁ — ãàñòðîýçîôàãåàëüíàÿ ðåôëþêñíàÿ áîëåçíü
  • äÁ — äåöèáåë
  • ÄÂÑ — äèññåìèíèðîâàííîå âíóòðèñîñóäèñòîå ñâåðòûâàíèå
  • ÄÃÒ — äèãèäðîòåñòîñòåðîí
  • ÄÄ — äèôôåðåíöèàëüíàÿ äèàãíîñòèêà, äèôôåðåíöèàëüíî-äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé
  • ÄÄÁÀ — äëèòåëüíîäåéñòâóþùèå β2-àãîíèñòû
  • ÄÄÊ — äèôôåðåíöèàëüíî-äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé êðèòåðèé (êðèòåðèè)
  • ÄÄÐÌ - äîïóñòèìûé äèàïàçîí ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ìàêðîíóòðèåíòîâ
  • ÄÈ — äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë
  • ÄÊ — äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèé êðèòåðèé
  • ÄÊÀ — äèàáåòè÷åñêèé êåòîàöèäîç
  • ÄÊÌÏ — äèëàòàöèîííàÿ êàðäèîìèîïàòèÿ
  • ÄÌÆÏ — äåôåêò ìåææåëóäî÷êîâîé ïåðåãîðîäêè
  • ÄÌÏÏ — äåôåêò ìåæïðåäñåðäíîé ïåðåãîðîäêè
  • ÄÌÑ — äîáðîâîëüíîå ìåäèöèíñêîå ñòðàõîâàíèå
  • ÄÍ — äûõàòåëüíàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • ÄÍÊ — äåçîêñèðèáîíóêëåèíîâàÿ êèñëîòà
  • ÄÍÒ — äåôåêòû íåðâíîé òðóáêè
  • ÄÎ - äûõàòåëüíûé îáúåì
  • ÄÎÔÀ — äèãèäðîêñèôåíèëàëàíèí
  • ÄÏ — äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè
  • ÄÏÊ — äâåíàäöàòèïåðñòíàÿ êèøêà
  • ÄÏÌ — äàòà ïîñëåäíåé ìåíñòðóàöèè
  • ÄÏÏ - äîïóñòèìûé ïðåäåë ïîòðåáëåíèÿ
  • äð. — äðóãèå
  • ÄÒÏ — äîðîæíî-òðàíñïîðòíîå ïðîèñøåñòâèå
  • ÄÖÏ — äåòñêèé öåðåáðàëüíûé ïàðàëè÷
  • ÅÄ — åäèíèöà äåéñòâèÿ, åäèíèöà
  • ÆÂÏ — æåë÷åâûâîäÿùèå ïóòè
  • ÆÄÀ — æåëåçîäåôèöèòíàÿ àíåìèÿ
  • ÆÅË — æèçíåííàÿ åìêîñòü ëåãêèõ
  • ÆÊÁ — æåë÷åêàìåííàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÆÊÊ — æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íîå êðîâîòå÷åíèå
  • ÆÊÒ — æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íûé òðàêò
  • ÆÍÂËÏ — æèçíåííî íåîáõîäèìûå è âàæíûå ëåêàðñòâåííûå ïðåïàðàòû (ñïèñîê, ïåðå÷åíü)
  • ÇÂÓÐ — çàäåðæêà âíóòðèóòðîáíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ
  • ÇË — çäîðîâûå ëþäè (ëèöà)
  • ÇÍÎ — çëîêà÷åñòâåííîå íîâîîáðàçîâàíèå
  • ÇÎ — çäðàâîîõðàíåíèå
  • ÇÎÆ — çäîðîâûé îáðàç æèçíè
  • ÇÑÍ — çàñòîéíàÿ ñåðäå÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • èÀÏÔ — èíãèáèòîðû àíãèîòåíçèí-ïðåâðàùàþùåãî ôåðìåíòà
  • ÈÁÑ — èøåìè÷åñêàÿ áîëåçíü ñåðäöà
  • ÈÂË — èñêóññòâåííàÿ âåíòèëÿöèÿ ëåãêèõ
  • ÈÃÊÑ — èíãàëÿöèîííûå ãëþêîêîðòèêîñòåðîèäû
  • ÈÇË — èíòåðñòèöèàëüíûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ ëåãêèõ
  • ÈÊÏ — èììóíîêîìïðîìåòèðîâàííûå ïàöèåíòû
  • ÈË — èíòåðëåéêèí
  • ÈËÄÁ — èíòåãðèðîâàííîå ëå÷åíèå äåòñêèõ áîëåçíåé
  • ÈÌ — èíôàðêò ìèîêàðäà
  • ÈÌÀÎ — èíãèáèòîð(û) ìîíîàìèíîêñèäàçû
  • ÈÌáïÁÒ — èíôàðêò ìèîêàðäà áåç ïîäúåìà ñåãìåíòà ST
  • ÈÌÏ — èíôåêöèÿ ìî÷åâûõ (ìî÷åâûâîäÿùèõ) ïóòåé
  • ÈÌïÇÒ — èíôàðêò ìèîêàðäà ñ ïîäúåìîì ñåãìåíòà
  • ST ÈÌÒ — èíäåêñ ìàññû òåëà
  • ÈÎË — èíòðàîêóëÿðíàÿ ëèíçà
  • ÈÏÏ — èíãèáèòîðû ïðîòîííîé ïîìïû (ïðîòîííîãî íàñîñà)
  • ÈÏÏÏ — èíôåêöèè, ïåðåäàâàåìûå ïîëîâûì ïóòåì
  • ÈÑÑ — èíäèâèäóàëüíûå ñïàñàòåëüíûå ñðåäñòâà èñòîð. — èñòîðè÷åñêîå èòàë. — èòàëüÿíñêèé
  • ÈÒÏ — èäèîïàòè÷åñêàÿ òðîìáîöèòîïåíè÷åñêàÿ ïóðïóðà
  • ÈÒØ — èíôåêöèîííî-òîêñè÷åñêèé øîê ÈÔÀ — èììóíîôåðìåíòíûé àíàëèç
  • ÊÀ — êîðîíàðíàÿ(ûå) àðòåðèÿ(è)
  • ê — êèëîâîëüò
  • êã — êèëîãðàìì
  • ÊÄÁÀ — êîðîòêîäåéñòâóþùèå β2-àãîíèñòû
  • ÊÄÄ — êîíå÷íî-äèàñòîëè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÊÄÎ — êîíå÷íî-äèàñòîëè÷åñêèé îáúåì
  • ÊÄÐ — êîíå÷íî-äèàñòîëè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð
  • êèò. — êèòàéñêèé
  • êêàë — êèëîêàëîðèÿ
  • êë. — êëåòêè, êëåòîê
  • ÊÌÏ — êà÷åñòâî ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè
  • ÊîÀ — êîýíçèì À, êîôåðìåíò À
  • ÊÎÅ — êîëîíèåîáðàçóþùàÿ åäèíèöà
  • ÊÎÊ — êîìáèíèðîâàííûå îðàëüíûå êîíòðàöåïòèâû
  • ÊÏÒ — êîãíèòèâíî-ïîâåäåí÷åñêàÿ òåðàïèÿ
  • ÊÐ — êëèíè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè
  • ÊÑÄ — êîíå÷íî-ñèñòîëè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÊÑÎ — êîíå÷íî-ñèñòîëè÷åñêèé îáúåì
  • ÊÑÐ — êîíå÷íî-ñèñòîëè÷åñêèé ðàçìåð
  • ÊÒ — êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ
  • ÊÒÂÐ — êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ âûñîêîãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ
  • ÊÒÃ — êàðäèîòîêîãðàôèÿ
  • ÊÔÊ — êðåàòèíôîñôîêèíàçà
  • ÊÙÑ — êèñëîòíî-ùåëî÷íîå ñîñòîÿíèå
  • ë — ëèòð
  • ë/î — ëîæíîîòðèöàòåëüíûé
  • ë/ï — ëîæíîïîëîæèòåëüíûé
  • ËÀ — ëåãî÷íàÿ àðòåðèÿ
  • ëàò. — ëàòèíñêèé
  • ËÃ — ëþòåèíèçèðóþùèé ãîðìîí
  • ËÄÃ — ëàêòàòäåãèäðîãåíàçà
  • ËÆ — ëåâûé æåëóäî÷åê
  • ËÎÐ — èìåþùèé îòíîøåíèå ê îòîðèíîëàðèíãîëîãèè (ËÎÐ-âðà÷, ËÎÐ-îðãàíû)
  • ËÏ — ëåêàðñòâåííûé ïðåïàðàò
  • ËÏÂÏ — ëèïîïðîòåèíû âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòè
  • ËÏÍÏ — ëèïîïðîòåèíû íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè
  • ËÏÎÍÏ — ëèïîïðîòåèíû î÷åíü íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè
  • ËÏÓ — ëå÷åáíî-ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêîå ó÷ðåæäåíèå
  • ËÑ — ëåêàðñòâåííîå ñðåäñòâî
  • ËÓ — ëèìôàòè÷åñêèé óçåë, ëèìôîóçëû
  • ËÔÊ — ëå÷åáíàÿ ôèçêóëüòóðà
  • ì.á. — ìîæåò (ìîã, ìîãóò, ìîãëè) áûòü
  • Ì/Æ — ñîîòíîøåíèå ìóæ÷èí è æåíùèí
  • ìàêñÄ — ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ äîçà
  • ìàêñÍÄ — ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ íà÷àëüíàÿ äîçà
  • ìàêñÐÄ — ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ðàçîâàÿ äîçà
  • ìàêñÑÄ — ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ñóòî÷íàÿ äîçà
  • ÌÀÍÊ — ìåòîä àìïëèôèêàöèè íóêëåèíîâûõ êèñëîò
  • ÌÀÎ — ìîíîàìèíîêñèäàçà
  • ÌÂÏ — ìî÷åâûâîäÿùèå ïóòè ìã — ìèëëèãðàìì
  • ÌÄÁ — ìûøå÷íàÿ äèñòðîôèÿ Áåêêåðà
  • ÌÄÄ — ìûøå÷íàÿ äèñòðîôèÿ Äþøåííà
  • ÌÄÌÀ — ìåòèëåíäèîêñèìåòàìôåòàìèí
  • ME — ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ åäèíèöà
  • ìåä. — ìåäèöèíñêèé
  • ìåñ — ìåñÿö
  • ÌÆ — ìîëî÷íàÿ æåëåçà
  • ÌÆÏ — ìåææåëóäî÷êîâàÿ ïåðåãîðîäêà
  • ÌÇ — ìèíèñòåðñòâî çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ
  • ìèí — ìèíóò(à)
  • ìèíÄ — ìèíèìàëüíàÿ äîçà
  • ìèíÑÄ — ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ñóòî÷íàÿ äîçà
  • ÌÊÁ — ìî÷åêàìåííàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÌÊÁ-10 — Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ áîëåçíåé 10-ãî ïåðåñìîòðà
  • ÌÊÁ-11 — Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ áîëåçíåé 11-ãî ïåðåñìîòðà
  • ìê — ìèêðîâîëüò
  • ìêã — ìèêðîãðàìì
  • ÌÊÊ — ìàëûé êðóã êðîâîîáðàùåíèÿ
  • ìêë — ìèêðîëèòð
  • ìë — ìèëëèëèòð
  • ìëí — ìèëëèîí
  • ìëðä — ìèëëèàðä
  • ìì — ìèëëèìåòð
  • ìì ðò.ñò. — ìèëëèìåòð ðòóòíîãî ñòîëáà ììîëü — ìèëëèìîëü
  • ÌÍÍ — ìåæäóíàðîäíîå íåïàòåíòîâàííîå íàèìåíîâàíèå
  • ÌÍÎ — ìåæäóíàðîäíîå íîðìàëèçîâàííîå îòíîøåíèå
  • ÌÎ — ìåäèöèíñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ
  • ÌÏ — ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÌÏÑ — ìî÷åïîëîâàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ÌÐ — ìàãíèòíî-ðåçîíàíñíûé
  • ÌÐ-âåíîãðàôèÿ — ÌÐÒ âåí è ñèíóñîâ ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
  • ÌÐÒ — ìàãíèòíî-ðåçîíàíñíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ
  • ìñ — ìèëëèñåêóíäà
  • ÌÑÊÒ — ìóëüòèñïèðàëüíàÿ êîìïüþòåðíàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ
  • ÌÑÝ — ìåäèêî-ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêñïåðòèçà
  • ÌÒ — ìàññà òåëà
  • ìòÄÍÊ — ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíàÿ äåçîêñèðèáîíóêëåèíîâàÿ êèñëîòà
  • ÌÒÐ — ìàññà òåëà ïðè ðîæäåíèè
  • ÌÝ - ìèàëãè÷åñêèé ýíöåôàëîìèåëèò
  • í.ý. — íàøåé ýðû
  • ÍÀ — íåðâíàÿ àíîðåêñèÿ
  • ÍÀÄ — íèêîòèíàìèäàäåíèíäèíóêëåîòèä
  • ÍÀÄÍ — íèêîòèíàìèäàäåíèíäèíóêëåîòèä (âîññòàíîâëåííûé)
  • ÍÀÄÔ — íèêîòèíàìèäàäåíèíäèíóêëåîòèäôîñôàò
  • ÍÀÆÁÏ — íåàëêîãîëüíàÿ æèðîâàÿ áîëåçíü ïå÷åíè íàïð. — íàïðèìåð
  • ÍÁ — íåðâíàÿ áóëèìèÿ
  • ÍÄÎ — íåãàòèâíûé äåòñêèé îïûò
  • íåä — íåäåëè
  • íåì. — íåìåöêèé
  • íì — íàíîìåòð
  • ÍÌÈÖ — íàöèîíàëüíûé ìåäèöèíñêèé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð
  • ÍÌÏ — íåîòëîæíàÿ (ìåäèöèíñêàÿ) ïîìîùü
  • ÍÌÒ — íèçêàÿ ìàññà òåëà
  • ÍÏÀ — íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîé àêò
  • ÍÏÂ — íèæíÿÿ ïîëàÿ âåíà
  • ÍÏÂÑ — íåñòåðîèäíûå ïðîòèâîâîñïàëèòåëüíûå ñðåäñòâà
  • ÍÑ — íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ÍÑÒ - íåñòðåññîâûé òåñò
  • ÍÐÏ — íîðìû ðàöèîíà ïèòàíèÿ
  • ÍÑÃ — íåéðîñîíîãðàôèÿ
  • ÍÝÊ — íåêðîòè÷åñêèé ýíòåðîêîëèò
  • ÍßÊ — íåñïåöèôè÷åñêèé ÿçâåííûé êîëèò
  • ÎÀÊ — îáùèé àíàëèç êðîâè
  • ÎÀÌ — îáùèé àíàëèç ìî÷è
  • ÎÀÏ — îòêðûòûé àðòåðèàëüíûé ïðîòîê
  • ÎÁÏ — îðãàíû áðþøíîé ïîëîñòè
  • ÎÃÁ — îñòðàÿ ãîðíàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÎÃÌ — îòåê ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà
  • ÎÄÍ — îñòðàÿ äûõàòåëüíàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • ÎÆÑÑ — îáùàÿ æåëåçîñâÿçûâàþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ñûâîðîòêè
  • ÎÇ — îðãàíèçàöèÿ çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ
  • îê. — îêîëî
  • ÎÊÐ — îáñåññèâíî-êîìïóëüñèâíîå ðàññòðîéñòâî
  • ÎÊÑ — îñòðûé êîðîíàðíûé ñèíäðîì
  • ÎËË — îñòðûé ëèìôîáëàñòíûé ëåéêîç
  • ÎÌÑ — îáÿçàòåëüíîå ìåäèöèíñêîå ñòðàõîâàíèå
  • ÎÌÒ — îðãàíû ìàëîãî òàçà
  • ÎÍÌÊ — îñòðîå íàðóøåíèå ìîçãîâîãî êðîâîîáðàùåíèÿ
  • ÎÍÌÏ — îòäåëåíèå íåîòëîæíîé (ìåäèöèíñêîé) ïîìîùè
  • ÎÍÌÒ — î÷åíü íèçêàÿ ìàññà òåëà
  • ÎÎÇ — îðãàíû (îðãàíèçàöèè/óïðàâëåíèÿ) çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ
  • ÎÎÍ — Îðãàíèçàöèÿ Îáúåäèíåííûõ Íàöèé
  • ÎÏÆ — îæèäàåìàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü æèçíè
  • ÎÏÍ — îñòðàÿ ïî÷å÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • ÎÏÑÑ - îáùåå ïåðèôåðè÷åñêîå ñîñóäèñòîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå
  • ÎÐÂÈ — îñòðàÿ ðåñïèðàòîðíàÿ âèðóñíàÿ èíôåêöèÿ
  • ÎÐÄÑ — îñòðûé ðåñïèðàòîðíûé äèñòðåññ-ñèíäðîì
  • ÎÐÇ — îñòðîå ðåñïèðàòîðíîå çàáîëåâàíèå
  • ÎÐÈÒ — îòäåëåíèå ðåàíèìàöèè è èíòåíñèâíîé òåðàïèè (ICU)
  • ÎÑÂÎ — îáùåå ñîäåðæàíèå âîäû â îðãàíèçìå
  • ÎÔÂ — îáúåì ôîðñèðîâàííîãî âûäîõà
  • ÎÔÂ1 — îáúåì ôîðñèðîâàííîãî âûäîõà çà 1-þ ñåêóíäó
  • ÎÖÊ — îáúåì öèðêóëèðóþùåé êðîâè
  • ï.ç. — ïîëå çðåíèÿ (ìèêðîñêîïà)
  • ï/ê — ïîäêîæíî
  • ÏÀÂ — ïñèõîàêòèâíûå âåùåñòâà
  • ÏÂ — ïðîòðîìáèíîâîå âðåìÿ
  • ÏÂÊ — ïåðèôåðè÷åñêèé âåíîçíûé êàòåòåð
  • ÏÂË — ïåðèâåíòðèêóëÿðíàÿ ëåéêîìàëÿöèÿ
  • Ïã — ïðîñòàãëàíäèí
  • ÏÃÃ — ïðîãðàììà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ãàðàíòèé îêàçàíèÿ ãðàæäàíàì ÐÔ áåñïëàòíîé ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè
  • ÏÄÊÂ — ïîëîæèòåëüíîå äàâëåíèå êîíöà âûäîõà (PEEP)
  • ÏÆ — ïðàâûé æåëóäî÷åê
  • ÏÆÆ — ïîäæåëóäî÷íàÿ æåëåçà
  • ÏÆÊ — ïîäêîæíî-æèðîâàÿ êëåò÷àòêà (ãèïîäåðìà)
  • ÏÊÀ — ïî÷å÷íûé êàíàëüöåâûé àöèäîç
  • ÏÊÌÄ — ïîÿñíî-êîíå÷íîñòíàÿ ìûøå÷íàÿ äèñòðîôèÿ
  • ÏËÑÃ — ïÿòíèñòàÿ ëèõîðàäêà Ñêàëèñòûõ ãîð
  • ÏÌÄÐ — ïðåäìåíñòðóàëüíîå äèñôîðè÷åñêîå ðàññòðîéñòâî
  • ÏÌÊ — ïðîëàïñ ìèòðàëüíîãî êëàïàíà
  • ÏÌÑ — ïðåäìåíñòðóàëüíûé ñèíäðîì
  • ÏÌÑÏ — ïåðâè÷íàÿ ìåäèêî-ñàíèòàðíàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÏÍÆÊ — ïîëèíåíàñûùåííûå æèðíûå êèñëîòû
  • ÏÎÐÈÒ— ïåäèàòðè÷åñêîå îòäåëåíèå ðåàíèìàöèè è èíòåíñèâíîé òåðàïèè
  • ÏÎÒ — ïîñòóðàëüíàÿ îðòîñòàòè÷åñêàÿ òàõèêàðäèÿ
  • ÏÏÂ — ïíåâìîêîêêîâàÿ ïîëèñàõàðèäíàÿ âàêöèíà
  • ÏÏÎÀÊ — ïðÿìûå ïåðîðàëüíûå àíòèêîàãóëÿíòû
  • ÏÏÒ — ïëîùàäü ïîâåðõíîñòè òåëà
  • ÏÑÀ — ïðîñòàòîñïåöèôè÷åñêèé àíòèãåí
  • ÏÑÂ — ïèêîâàÿ ñêîðîñòü âûäîõà
  • ÏÑÂÕ — ïðîãðåññèðóþùèé ñåìåéíûé âíóòðèïå÷åíî÷-íûé õîëåñòàç
  • ÏÒ — ïñèõîòåðàïèÿ
  • ÏÒÂ — ïðîòðîìáèíîâîå âðåìÿ
  • ÏÒÃ — ïàðàòèðåîèäíûé ãîðìîí
  • ÏÒÈ — ïðîòðîìáèíîâûé èíäåêñ
  • ÏÒÑÐ — ïîñòòðàâìàòè÷åñêîå ñòðåññîâîå ðàññòðîéñòâî
  • ÏÔÝ — ïèùåâîé ôîëàòíûé ýêâèâàëåíò
  • ÏÖÐ — ïîëèìåðàçíàÿ öåïíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ
  • ÏØÃ — ïóðïóðà Øåíëåéíà-Ãåíîõà
  • ÏÙÆ — ïàðàùèòîâèäíûå æåëåçû
  • ÏÝÒ — ïîçèòðîííî-ýìèññèîííàÿ òîìîãðàôèÿ ð/ — ðàç â ... (ñ, ìèí, ÷, ñóò è ò.ï.)
  • ÐÀ — ðåâìàòîèäíûé àðòðèò
  • ÐÀÀÑ — ðåíèí-àíãèîòåíçèí-àëüäîñòåðîíîâàÿ ñèñòåìà ðàçã. — ðàçãîâîðíîå ðàçë. — ðàçëè÷íîå
  • ÐÀÑ — ðàññòðîéñòâî àóòèñòè÷åñêîãî ñïåêòðà
  • ÐÄÑ — ðåñïèðàòîðíûé äèñòðåññ-ñèíäðîì ðèì. — ðèìñêèé
  • ÐÈÔ — ðåàêöèÿ èììóíîôëþîðåñöåíöèè
  • ÐÊÈ — ðàíäîìèçèðîâàííûå êëèíè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ
  • ÐÊÌÏ — ðåñòðèêòèâíàÿ êàðäèîìèîïàòèÿ
  • ÐÈÃÀ — ðåàêöèÿ íåïðÿìîé ãåìàããëþòèíàöèè
  • ÐÍ - ðåòèíîïàòèÿ íåäîíîøåííûõ
  • ÐÍÊ — ðèáîíóêëåèíîâàÿ êèñëîòà
  • ÐÍÏ - ðåêîìåíäóåìóþ íîðìó ïîòðåáëåíèÿ
  • ÐÎÃÊ — ðåíòãåíîãðàôèÿ (ðåíòãåíîãðàììà) îðãàíîâ ãðóäíîé êëåòêè
  • ÐÎËÑÍÑ — ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îöåíêå è ëå÷åíèþ ïðè ñîðòèðîâêå â íåîòëîæíûõ ñèòóàöèÿõ
  • ÐÏÃÀ — ðåàêöèÿ ïðÿìîé ãåìàããëþòèíàöèè
  • ð-ð — ðàñòâîð
  • ð-ðèòåëü — ðàñòâîðèòåëü
  • ÐÐÊ — ðåöåïòîðû ðåòèíîåâîé êèñëîòû
  • PPM — ðàñøèðåííûå ðåàíèìàöèîííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ
  • ÐÑÂ — ðåñïèðàòîðíî-ñèíöèòèàëüíûé âèðóñ
  • ÐÑÄ — ðàññòðîéñòâî ñòåðåîòèïíûõ äâèæåíèé
  • ÐÑÊ — ðåàêöèÿ ñâÿçûâàíèÿ êîìïëåìåíòà
  • ÐÑÏ - ðàñ÷åòíàÿ ñðåäíÿÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü
  • ÐÒÃÀ — ðåàêöèÿ òîðìîæåíèÿ ãåìàããëþòèíàöèè
  • ÐÒÍÃÀ — ðåàêöèÿ òîðìîæåíèÿ íåïðÿìîé ãåìàããëþòèíàöèè
  • ÐÔ — Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ
  • ÐÕÐ — ðåòèíîåâûå Õ-ðåöåïòîðû
  • Ð×À — ðàäèî÷àñòîòíàÿ àáëÿöèÿ
  • ÐÝÑ — ðåòèêóëîýíäîòåëèàëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ñ — ñåêóíäà
  • ñâ-âî — ñâîéñòâî
  • ÑÀÌ - ñèíäðîì àñïèðàöèè ìåêîíèÿ
  • ÑÂÄÑ — ñèíäðîì âíåçàïíîé äåòñêîé ñìåðòè
  • ÑÃß — ñèíäðîì ãèïåðñòèìóëÿöèè ÿè÷íèêîâ
  • ÑÄ — ñàõàðíûé äèàáåò
  • ÑÄ-1 — ñàõàðíûé äèàáåò 1-ãî òèïà
  • ÑÄ-2 — ñàõàðíûé äèàáåò 2-ãî òèïà
  • ÑÄÂÃ — ñèíäðîì äåôèöèòà âíèìàíèÿ è ãèïåðàêòèâíîñòè
  • ÑÅ — ñóáúåäèíèöà
  • ÑÆÊ — ñâîáîäíûå æèðíûå êèñëîòû
  • ÑÇÄ - ñëóæáà çàùèòû äåòåé
  • ÑÇÑÒ — ñèñòåìíîå(ûå) çàáîëåâàíèå(ÿ) ñîåäèíèòåëüíîé òêàíè
  • ÑÈÇ — ñðåäñòâà èíäèâèäóàëüíîé çàùèòû
  • ÑÈÎÇÑ— ñåëåêòèâíûé èíãèáèòîð îáðàòíîãî çàõâàòà ñåðîòîíèíà
  • ÑÈÎÇÑÍ — ñåëåêòèâíûå èíãèáèòîðû îáðàòíîãî çàõâàòà ñåðîòîíèíà è íîðýïèíåôðèíà
  • ÑÊÀ — ñåðïîâèäíî-êëåòî÷íàÿ àíåìèÿ
  • ÑÊ — ñåðïîâèäíî-êëåòî÷íàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÑÊ — ñèñòåìíàÿ êðàñíàÿ âîë÷àíêà
  • ÑÊÔ — ñêîðîñòü êëóáî÷êîâîé ôèëüòðàöèè
  • ÑËÐ — ñåðäå÷íî-ëåãî÷íàÿ ðåàíèìàöèÿ
  • ñì — ñàíòèìåòð
  • ñì âîä.ñò. — ñàíòèìåòð âîäÿíîãî ñòîëáà
  • ÑÌÆ — ñïèííîìîçãîâàÿ æèäêîñòü
  • ÑÌÈ — ñðåäñòâà ìàññîâîé èíôîðìàöèè
  • ÑÌÎ — ñòðàõîâàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ
  • ÑÌÏ — ñêîðàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÑÌÝ — ñóäåáíî-ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ýêñïåðòèçà
  • ÑÍ — ñåðäå÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • ÑÍÑÀÄÃ — ñèíäðîì íåàäåêâàòíîé ñåêðåöèè ÀÄÃ
  • ÑÎÀÑ — ñèíäðîì îáñòðóêòèâíîãî àïíîý ñíà (âî ñíå) ñîâð. — ñîâðåìåííûé
  • ÑÎÝ — ñêîðîñòü îñåäàíèÿ ýðèòðîöèòîâ
  • ÑÏÈÄ — ñèíäðîì ïðèîáðåòåííîãî èììóíîäåôèöèòà
  • ÑÏÊß — ñèíäðîì ïîëèêèñòîçíûõ ÿè÷íèêîâ
  • ÑÏÎÍ — ñèíäðîì ïîëèîðãàííîé íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòè
  • ÑÐÂ — Ñ-ðåàêòèâíûé áåëîê
  • ÑÐÊ — ñèíäðîì ðàçäðàæåííîãî êèøå÷íèêà
  • ÑðÑÄ — ñðåäíÿÿ ñóòî÷íàÿ äîçà
  • ÑÑÂ — ñèíäðîì Ñòåðäæà-Âåáåðà
  • ÑÑÂÐ — ñèíäðîì ñèñòåìíîé âîñïàëèòåëüíîé ðåàêöèè
  • ÑÑÇ — ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòûå çàáîëåâàíèÿ
  • ÑÑÑ — ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ÑÑÑÓ — ñèíäðîì ñëàáîñòè ñèíóñîâîãî óçëà
  • ÑÒ — Ñèíäðîì Òóðåòòà
  • ÑÒÃ — ñîìàòîòðîïíûé ãîðìîí
  • ÑÒÐ — ñòîéêîå (õðîíè÷åñêîå) ìîòîðíîå èëè âîêàëüíîå òèêîçíîå ðàññòðîéñòâî
  • ñóò — ñóòêè
  • ÑÕÓ — ñèíäðîì õðîíè÷åñêîé óñòàëîñòè
  • ò.ä. — òàê äàëåå
  • ò.å. — òî åñòü
  • ò.ê. — òàê êàê
  • ò.î. — òàêèì îáðàçîì
  • ò.ï. — òîìó ïîäîáíîå
  • Ò3 — òðèéîäòèðîíèí
  • Ò4 — òèðîêñèí
  • ÒÀÍÊ — òåñò àìïëèôèêàöèè íóêëåèíîâûõ êèñëîò
  • ÒÁÑ — òàçîáåäðåííûé ñóñòàâ
  • ÒÃÂ — òðîìáîç ãëóáîêèõ âåí
  • ÒÃÑÊ — òðàíñïëàíòàöèÿ ãåìîïîýòè÷åñêèõ ñòâîëîâûõ êëåòîê
  • ÒÈÀ — òðàíçèòîðíàÿ èøåìè÷åñêàÿ àòàêà
  • ÒÈÀÁ — òîíêîèãîëüíàÿ àñïèðàöèîííàÿ áèîïñèÿ
  • ÒÌÎ — òâåðäàÿ ìîçãîâàÿ îáîëî÷êà
  • TH — òîðãîâîå íàèìåíîâàíèå ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ñðåäñòâ
  • ÒÏÃÃ — òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïðîãðàììà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ãàðàíòèé îêàçàíèÿ ãðàæäàíàì ÐÔ áåñïëàòíîé ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè
  • ÒÏÌ — òðàâìàòè÷åñêîå ïîâðåæäåíèå ìîçãà
  • ÒÒ — òåìïåðàòóðà òåëà
  • ÒÒÃ — òèðåîòðîïíûé ãîðìîí
  • ÒÔÐ — òðàíñôîðìèðóþùèé ôàêòîð ðîñòà
  • ÒÖÀ — òðèöèêëè÷åñêèå àíòèäåïðåññàíòû
  • òûñ. — òûñÿ÷à
  • ÒÝÄ —òðàíçèòîðíàÿ ýðèòðîáëàñòîïåíèÿ äåòñêîãî âîçðàñòà
  • ÒÝËÀ — òðîìáîýìáîëèÿ ëåãî÷íîé àðòåðèè
  • ÒÝÎ — òðîìáîýìáîëè÷åñêèå îñëîæíåíèÿ
  • ÓÇÄÑ — óëüòðàçâóêîâîå äóïëåêñíîå ñêàíèðîâàíèå
  • ÓÇÈ — óëüòðàçâóêîâîå èññëåäîâàíèå
  • óñòàð. — óñòàðåâøåå
  • ÓÔ — óëüòðàôèîëåòîâûé
  • ÓÔÎ — óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîå îáëó÷åíèå
  • ÔÀÏ — ôåëüäøåðñêî-àêóøåðñêèé ïóíêò
  • ÔÂ — ôðàêöèÿ âûáðîñà
  • ÔÂÄ — ôóíêöèè âíåøíåãî äûõàíèÿ
  • ÔÆÅË — ôîðñèðîâàííàÿ æèçíåííàÿ åìêîñòü ëåãêèõ
  • ÔÇ — Ôåäåðàëüíûé çàêîí
  • ôèçèîë. — ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé
  • ÔÊ — ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé êëàññ
  • ÔÊÑ — ôèáðîêîëîíîñêîïèÿ
  • ÔÊÓ — ôåíèëêåòîíóðèÿ
  • ÔÍ — ôèçè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà
  • ÔÈÎ — ôàêòîð íåêðîçà îïóõîëè
  • ÔÎÌÑ — ôåäåðàëüíûé ôîíä îáÿçàòåëüíîãî ìåäèöèíñêîãî ñòðàõîâàíèÿ
  • ÔÎÑ — ôîñôîðîðãàíè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ
  • ÔÏ — ôèáðèëëÿöèÿ ïðåäñåðäèé
  • ôð. — ôðàíöóçñêèé
  • ÔÑÃ — ôîëëèêóëîñòèìóëèðóþùèé ãîðìîí
  • ÔÝÃÄÑ — ôèáðîýçîôàãîãàñòðîäóîäåíîñêîïèÿ
  • ÕÁÏ — õðîíè÷åñêàÿ áîëåçíü ïî÷åê
  • ÕÃ× — õîðèîíè÷åñêèé ãîíàäîòðîïèí ÷åëîâåêà
  • ÕÄÍ — õðîíè÷åñêàÿ äûõàòåëüíàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • õèì. — õèìè÷åñêàÿ
  • ÕÍÇË —õðîíè÷åñêèå íåñïåöèôè÷åñêèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ ëåãêèõ
  • ÕÎÁË — õðîíè÷åñêàÿ îáñòðóêòèâíàÿ áîëåçíü ëåãêèõ
  • ÕÏÍ — õðîíè÷åñêàÿ ïî÷å÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • ÕÑ — õîëåñòåðèí
  • ÕÑÍ — õðîíè÷åñêàÿ ñåðäå÷íàÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íîñòü
  • XT — õèìèîòåðàïèÿ
  • ÖÂÄ — öåíòðàëüíîå âåíîçíîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÖÂÊ — öåíòðàëüíûé âåíîçíûé êàòåòåð
  • ÖÈÊ — öèðêóëèðóþùèå èììóííûå êîìïëåêñû
  • ÖÌÂ — öèòîìåãàëîâèðóñ
  • ÖÍÑ — öåíòðàëüíàÿ íåðâíàÿ ñèñòåìà
  • ÖÎÃ — öèêëîîêñèãåíàçà
  • ÖÏÄ — öåðåáðàëüíîå ïåðôóçèîííîå äàâëåíèå
  • ÖÑÒÑ — öåðåáðàëüíûé ñîëüòåðÿþùèé ñèíäðîì ÷ — ÷àñ
  • ×Ä — ÷àñòîòà äûõàíèÿ
  • ×ÄÄ — ÷àñòîòà äûõàòåëüíûõ äâèæåíèé
  • ×Ê — ÷ðåñêîæíîå êîðîíàðíîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî
  • ×ÌÍ — ÷åðåïíî-ìîçãîâûå íåðâû
  • ×ÌÒ — ÷åðåïíî-ìîçãîâàÿ òðàâìà
  • ×Í — ÷åðåïíûå íåðâû
  • ×Ñ — ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü/ñïåöèôè÷íîñòü (×Ñ 97%/87%)
  • ×ÑÑ — ÷àñòîòà ñåðäå÷íûõ ñîêðàùåíèé
  • ×ÑÑÏ - ÷àñòîòà ñåðäå÷íûõ ñîêðàùåíèé ïëîäà
  • ×Ò — ÷àñòè÷íîå òðîìáîïëàñòèíîâîå âðåìÿ
  • ØÊÃ — øêàëà êîìû Ãëàçãî
  • ØÎÏ — øåéíûé îòäåë ïîçâîíî÷íèêà
  • ÙÆ — ùèòîâèäíàÿ æåëåçà
  • ÃÖÔ — ùåëî÷íàÿ ôîñôàòàçà
  • ÝÀÐ — ýêâèâàëåíò àêòèâíîñòè ðåòèíîëà
  • ÝÄÒÀ — ýòèëåíäèàìèíòåòðàóêñóñíàÿ êèñëîòà (ýòèëåíäèàìèíòåòðààöåòàò)
  • ÝÊÃ — ýëåêòðîêàðäèîãðàôèÿ
  • ÝÊÌÎ — ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëüíàÿ ìåìáðàííàÿ îêñèãåíàöèÿ
  • ÝÊÎ — ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëüíîå îïëîäîòâîðåíèå
  • ÝÊÑ — ýëåêòðîêàðäèîñòèìóëÿòîð, ýëåêãðîêàðäèîñòèìóëÿöèÿ
  • ÝÌÃ — ýëåêòðîìèîãðàôèÿ
  • ÝÌÊ — ýëåêòðîííàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ êàðòà
  • ÝÌÏ — ýêñòðåííàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÝÍÌÏ — ýêñòðåííàÿ è íåîòëîæíàÿ ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ïîìîùü
  • ÝÍÌÒ — ýêñòðåìàëüíî íèçêàÿ ìàññà òåëà
  • ÝÒÒ — ýíäîòðàõåàëüíàÿ òðóáêà
  • ÝõîÊà — ýõîêàðäèîãðàôèÿ
  • ÝÝÃ — ýëåêòðîýíöåôàëîãðàôèÿ
  • ÞÄÌ — þâåíèëüíûé äåðìàòîìèîçèò
  • ÞÈÀ — þâåíèëüíûé èäèîïàòè÷åñêèé àðòðèò
  • ßÁ — ÿçâåííàÿ áîëåçíü
  • ÀÀ — àìèëîèä A (amyloid À)
  • ÀÀÐ — Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ ïåäèàòðèè (American Academy of Pediatrics)
  • ABC — àëãîðèòì íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè «äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè-äûõàíèå-êðîâîîáðàùåíèå» (Airways-Breathing-Circulation)
  • ÀÂÑÀ3 — áåëêîâûé ÷ëåí ÀÒÔ-ñâÿçûâàþùåé êàññåòû À3
  • ÀÂÑÂ11— ãåí ÀÒÔ-ñâÿçûâàþùåé êàññåòû, 11-é ÷ëåí ïîäñåìåéñòâà  (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family  member 11)
  • ÀÂÑÂ4 — ãåí ÀÒÔ-ñâÿçûâàþùåé êàññåòû, 4-é ÷ëåí ïîäñåìåéñòâà  (ATP-binding cassette 4 gene)
  • ÀÂÑÑ2 — ãåí, êîäèðóþùèé 2-é ÷ëåí ïîäñåìåéñòâà Ñ ÀÒÔ-ñâÿçûâàþùèõ êàññåò (ATP-binding cassette sub-family Ñ member 2)
  • ABCDE — àëãîðèòì íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè «äûõàòåëüíûå ïóòè-äûõàíèå-êðîâîîáðàùåíèå-íåâðîëîãè÷åñêèé ñòàòóñ-âíåøíèé âèä» (Airways-Breathing-Circulation-Disability- Exposure)
  • ABCG5/G8 — ãåòåðîäèìåð ïåðåíîñ÷èêà ÀÒÔ-ñâÿçûâàþùåé êàññåòû ABCG5 è ABCG8 (The heterodimer of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG5 and ABCG8)
  • AC — äî åäû (ïðè íàçíà÷åíèÿõ) — ante cibum
  • ÀÑÅÐ — Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ êîëëåãèÿ âðà÷åé íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè (American College of Emergency Physicians)
  • ACOG — Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ êîëëåãèÿ àêóøåðîâ è ãèíåêîëîãîâ (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists)
  • AHA — Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ êàðäèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ (American Heart Association)
  • ALTE — î÷åâèäíîå îïàñíîå äëÿ æèçíè ñîáûòèå (apparent life-threatening event)
  • APLS — êóðñû ðàñøèðåííûõ ðåàíèìàöèîííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â ïåäèàòðèè, ñïîíñèðóåìûå Àìåðèêàíñêîé àêàäåìèåé ïåäèàòðèè è Àìåðèêàíñêîé êîëëåãèåé âðà÷åé íåîòëîæíîé ïîìîùè (Advanced Pediatric Life Support)
  • ARPKD — àóòîñîìíî-ðåöåññèâíûé ïîëèêèñòîç ïî÷åê
  • ASCVD-ðèñê — ðèñê ðàçâèòèÿ àòåðîñêëåðîòè÷åñêîãî ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòîãî çàáîëåâàíèÿ (ArterioSclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, ASCVD)
  • AVPU — øêàëà äëÿ îöåíêè óðîâíÿ ñîçíàíèÿ («â ÿñíîì ñîçíàíèè»; «ðåàêöèÿ íà âåðáàëüíûå ðàçäðàæèòåëè»; «ðåàêöèÿ íà áîëü»; «áåç ñîçíàíèÿ») (alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive)
  • BCS — ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíûé øàïåðîí BCS1 (mitochondrial chaperone BCS1)
  • BIN — áèíîìèíàëüíàÿ íîìåíêëàòóðà «æèâîé» ïðèðîäû
  • BiPAP — ðåæèì èñêóññòâåííîé âåíòèëÿöèè ëåãêèõ ñ äâóìÿ óðîâíÿìè ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî äàâëåíèÿ (bilevel positive airway pressure) = ÂÐÀÐ
  • BNP — íàòðèéóðåòè÷åñêèé ïåïòèä Â-òèïà — ìîçãîâîé ( (brain)-type natriuretic peptide)
  • BRUE — áûñòðî ðàçðåøèâøèåñÿ íåîáúÿñíèìûå ñîáûòèÿ (Brief resolved unexplained events)
  • BSEP — íàñîñ âûâåäåíèÿ ñîëåé æåë÷íûõ êèñëîò
  • CADASIL — öåðåáðàëüíàÿ àóòîñîìíî-äîìèíàíòíàÿ àðòåðèîïàòèÿ ñ ïîäêîðêîâûìè èíôàðêòàìè è ëåéêîýíöåôàëîïàòèåé (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy)
  • CAPS — êðèîïèðèí-àññîöèèðîâàííûé ïåðèîäè÷åñêèé ñèíäðîì (cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome)
  • CBIT — êîìïëåêñíîå ïîâåäåí÷åñêîå âîçäåéñòâèå ïðè òèêàõ (Comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics)
  • CD — êëàñòåðû äèôôåðåíöèðîâêè (clusters of differentiation)
  • CDC — Öåíòð ïî êîíòðîëþ è ïðîôèëàêòèêå çàáîëåâàíèé, ÑØÀ (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
  • CDG — âðîæäåííûå íàðóøåíèÿ ãëèêîçèëèðîâàíèÿ (Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation)
  • CFTR — òðàíñìåìáðàííûé ðåãóëÿòîð ìóêîâèñöèäîçà (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator)
  • CH — ãåìîëèòè÷åñêèé êîìïëåìåíò (hemolytic complement)
  • CLLS — øêàëà îöåíêè îñòðîé ãîðíîé áîëåçíè îçåðà Ëóèç ó äåòåé (Childrens Lake Louise Score)
  • CMT — Øàðêî-Ìàðè-Òóòà áîëåçíü (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)
  • ÑÐÀÐ — ïîñòîÿííîå ïîëîæèòåëüíîå äàâëåíèå â äûõàòåëüíûõ ïóòÿõ (Constant Positive Airway Pressure)
  • CYP — öèòîõðîì îáùèé
  • DAF — ôàêòîð óñêîðåíèÿ ðàñïàäà (decay-accelerating factor)
  • DGAT1 —äèàöèëãëèöåðèí-1-àöèëòðàíñôåðàçà (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1)
  • DHR — äèãèäðîðîäàìèí (dihydrorhodamine)
  • DSM — Äèàãíîñòè÷åñêîå è ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïñèõè÷åñêèì ðàññòðîéñòâàì (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
  • EAST syndrome — ýïèëåïñèÿ, àòàêñèÿ, ñåíñîíåâðàëüíàÿ òóãîóõîñòü è òóáóëîïàòèÿ (epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, and tubulopath)
  • EBM — äîêàçàòåëüíàÿ ìåäèöèíà (Evidence based medicine)
  • EPCAM— ìîëåêóëà àäãåçèè ýïèòåëèàëüíûõ êëåòîê (epithelial cell adhesion molecule)
  • ESC — Åâðîïåéñêîå îáùåñòâî êàðäèîëîãèè (European Society of Cardiology)
  • EXIT — ëå÷åíèå âíå ìàòêè âî âðåìÿ ðîäîâ (Ex utero intrapartum treatment)
  • FAST — ñôîêóñèðîâàííàÿ ñîíîãðàôèÿ áðþøíîé ïîëîñòè ïðè òðàâìå (focused assessment with sonography in trauma)
  • FDA — Êîìèòåò ïî êîíòðîëþ çà ëåêàðñòâåííûìè âåùåñòâàìè è ïèùåâûìè äîáàâêàìè, ÑØÀ (Food and Drug Administration)
  • FFR — ôðàêöèîííûé ðåçåðâ êðîâîòîêà (Fractional Flow Reserve)
  • FGF-23 — ôàêòîð ðîñòà ôèáðîáëàñòîâ-23 (Fibroblast growth factor-23)
  • FIC 1 —ñåìåéíûé âíóòðèïå÷åíî÷íûé õîëåñòàç 1-ãî òèïà, áîëåçíü Áàéëåðà (familial intrahepatic cholestasis)
  • FiO2 — ôðàêöèÿ êèñëîðîäà (âî âäûõàåìîì âîçäóõå, ãàçîâîé ñìåñè)
  • FISH — ôëóîðåñöåíòíàÿ in situ ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
  • FLAIR — âîññòàíîâëåíèå èíâåðñèè ñ îñëàáëåíèåì æèäêîñòè (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery)
  • FMF — ñåìåéíàÿ ñðåäèçåìíîìîðñêàÿ ëèõîðàäêà (Familial Mediterranean fever)
  • GATA — gata-ñâÿçûâàþùèé áåëîê
  • HADH — ãèäðîêñèëàöèë-ÊîÀ-äåãèäðîãåíàçà (Hydro-xyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase)
  • HAV — âèðóñ ãåïàòèòà Â (hepatitis A virus)
  • Hb — ãåìîãëîáèí
  • HBcAg — ñåðäöåâèííûé àíòèãåí âèðóñà ãåïàòèòà Â
  • HBeAg — àíòèãåí âèðóñà ãåïàòèòà Â
  • HBsAg — ïîâåðõíîñòíûé àíòèãåí âèðóñà ãåïàòèòà Â
  • HBV — âèðóñ ãåïàòèòà  (hepatitis  virus)
  • HCV — âèðóñ ãåïàòèòà Ñ (hepatitis Ñ virus)
  • HDV — âèðóñ ãåïàòèòà D (hepatitis D virus)
  • HFNC — íàçàëüíûå êàíþëè âûñîêîãî ïîòîêà (heated, high-flow nasal cannula)
  • Hib — ãåìîôèëüíàÿ ïàëî÷êà òèïà  (Haemophilus influenzae  type)
  • HLA — ëåéêîöèòàðíûå àíòèãåíû (ãëàâíîãî êîìïëåêñà ãèñòîñîâìåñòèìîñòè) ÷åëîâåêà (human leukocyte antigens)
  • HR — îòíîøåíèå ðèñêîâ (hazard ratio)
  • HRT — òåðàïèÿ îòìåíû ïðèâû÷êè (Habit reversal therapy)
  • Ht — ãåìàòîêðèò
  • HTLV — Ò-ëèìôîòðîïíûé âèðóñ ÷åëîâåêà (human T-lymphotropic virus)
  • Ig — èììóíîãëîáóëèí
  • IgA — èììóíîãëîáóëèí A
  • IgE — èììóíîãëîáóëèí E
  • IgG — èììóíîãëîáóëèí G
  • IgM — èììóíîãëîáóëèí M
  • IL — èíòåðëåéêèí
  • IPEX — Õ-ñöåïëåííûé ñèíäðîì èììóííîé äèñðå-ãóëÿöèè, ïîëèýíäîêðèíîïàòèè è ýíòåðîïàòèè (Immunedysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy, X-linked)
  • IQ — êîýôôèöèåíò óìñòâåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ (intelligence quotient)
  • JAK — ÿíóñ-êèíàçà (Janus kinase)
  • LFA — àíòèãåí, àêòèâèðóþùèé ôóíêöèþ ëåéêîöèòîâ (Lymphocyte function-associated antigen)
  • LT — ëåéêîòðèåí
  • MALT — ëèìôîèäíàÿ òêàíü ñëèçèñòîé îáîëî÷êè (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
  • MASP — ÌÑË-àññîöèèðîâàííàÿ ñåðèíîâàÿ ïðîòåàçà (MBL-associated serine protease)
  • MBL — ìàííîçî-ñâÿçûâàþùèé ëåêòèí (mannose-
  • binding lectin)
  • MCP — ìåìáðàííûé áåëîê-êîôàêòîð (membrane cofactor protein)
  • MDR3 — áåëîê ìíîæåñòâåííîé ëåêàðñòâåííîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè 3 (multidrug resistance protein 3)
  • MELAS — ìèòîõîíäðèàëüíàÿ ýíöåôàëîïàòèÿ, ëàêòîàöèäîç è èíñóëüòîïîäîáíûå ýïèçîäû (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes)
  • MERRF — ìèîêëîíè÷åñêàÿ ýïèëåïñèÿ ñ ðâàíûìè êðàñíûìè âîëîêíàìè (Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers)
  • Mr — êàæóùàÿñÿ ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ ìàññà
  • MRP — áåëîê ñ ìíîæåñòâåííîé ëåêàðñòâåííîé óñòîé÷èâîñòüþ (multidrug-resistant protein)
  • MRSA — ìåòèöèëëèíðåçèñòåíòíûé çîëîòèñòûé ñòàôèëîêîêê
  • MSSA — ìåòèöèëëèí÷óâñòâèòåëüíûé çîëîòèñòûé ñòàôèëîêîêê
  • NB! — âàæíî, îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå (Nota bene)
  • NICE — Íàöèîíàëüíûé èíñòèòóò çäîðîâüÿ è êëèíè÷åñêîãî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ (êà÷åñòâà ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè) Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence)
  • NK — åñòåñòâåííûå êëåòêè-êèëëåðû (natural killer)
  • NMDA — N-ìåòèë-D-àñïàðòàò (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
  • NMDA — N-ìåòèë-D-àñïàðòàòíûå ðåöåïòîðû
  • NNT — ÷èñëî áîëüíûõ, êîòîðûõ íåîáõîäèìî ïðîëå÷èòü, ÷òîáû äîñòè÷ü êàêîãî-òî óêàçàííîãî ýôôåêòà (Number Need to Treatment)
  • OR — îòíîøåíèå øàíñîâ (odds ratio)
  • paCO2 — ïàðöèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà â àðòåðèàëüíîé êðîâè
  • PALS — êóðñû ðàñøèðåííûõ ðåàíèìàöèîííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â ïåäèàòðèè (Pediatric Advanced Life Support)
  • PANDAS — àóòîèììóííîå íåéðîïñèõèàòðè÷åñêîå ðàññòðîéñòâî â äåòñêîì âîçðàñòå, àññîöèèðîâàííîå ñî ñòðåïòîêîêêîâîé èíôåêöèåé (Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection)
  • PANS — îñòðûé íåéðîïñèõèàòðè÷åñêèé ñèíäðîì â äåòñêîì âîçðàñòå (Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome)
  • paO2 — ïàðöèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå êèñëîðîäà â àðòåðèàëüíîé êðîâè
  • PAS — ôóêñèíñåðíèñòàÿ êèñëîòà, ðåàêòèâ Øèôôà (periodic acid-Shiff)
  • PC — ïîñëå åäû (ïðè íàçíà÷åíèÿõ) — post cibum ðÑO2 — ïàðöèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå óãëåêèñëîãî ãàçà
  • PCSK-9 — ïðîïðîòåèíîâàÿ êîíâåðòàçà ñóáòèëèçèí-êåêñè-íîâîãî òèïà 9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/ kexin type 9)
  • PFAPA — ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ ëèõîðàäêà ñ àôòîçíûì ñòîìàòèòîì, ôàðèíãèòîì è ëèìôàäåíèòîì (Periodic Fevers with Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Adenitis)
  • PFIC — ñåìåéíûé âíóòðèïå÷åíî÷íûé õîëåñòàç (familial intrahepatic cholestasis)
  • Pg — ïðîñòàãëàíäèí
  • pH — âîäîðîäíûé ïîêàçàòåëü
  • PIM — ïîêàçàòåëü ëåòàëüíîãî èñõîäà ó äåòåé (Pediatric Index of Mortality)
  • piO2 — ïàðöèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå êèñëîðîäà âî âäûõàåìîì
  • âîçäóõå
  • ðO2 — ïàðöèàëüíîå äàâëåíèå êèñëîðîäà
  • POLG — ñóáúåäèíèöà ÄÍÊ-ïîëèìåðàçû ó
  • PRISA II — îöåíêà ðèñêà ãîñïèòàëèçàöèè ó äåòåé II (Pediatric Risk of Admission)
  • PRISM — ðèñê ëåòàëüíîãî èñõîäà ó äåòåé (Pediatric Risk of Mortality)
  • PRN — ïðè (ïî) íåîáõîäèìîñòè (Pro re nata — ïðè âîçíèêíîâåíèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ)
  • PRSS — ãåí ñåðèíîâîé ïðîòåàçû
  • PS. — ïðèìå÷àíèå (Post scriptum)
  • PUVA-òåðàïèÿ — ïñîðàëåí-óëüòðàôèîëåò À-òåðàïèÿ (psoralen and ultraviolet À)
  • Q#H — êàæäûå # ÷àñîâ (ïðè íàçíà÷åíèÿõ) — quaque ... hora
  • QAM — êàæäîå óòðî (ïðè íàçíà÷åíèÿõ) — quaque ante meridiem
  • QPM — êàæäûé âå÷åð (ïðè íàçíà÷åíèÿõ) — quaque post meridiem
  • RAG — ãåí, àêòèâèðóþùèé ðåêîìáèíàçó
  • RePEAT— ïåðåñìîòðåííûé èíñòðóìåíò äëÿ îöåíêè ïåäèàòðè÷åñêîé íåîòëîæíîé ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè (Revised Pediatric Emergency Assessment Tool)
  • RF — ðåâìàòîèäíûé ôàêòîð
  • Rh — ðåçóñ(-ôàêòîð)
  • Rh«-» — ðåçóñ-îòðèöàòåëüí(ûé)
  • Rh«+» — ðåçóñ-ïîëîæèòåëüí(ûé)
  • ROHHAD — áûñòðî ðàçâèâàþùååñÿ îæèðåíèå ñ äèñôóíêöèåé ãèïîòàëàìóñà, ãèïîâåíòèëÿöèåé è ñïîíòàííîé äèñðåãóëÿöèåé (rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation and autonomic dysregulation)
  • RR — îòíîñèòåëüíûé ðèñê (relative risk èëè risk ratio) RW — ðåàêöèÿ Âàññåðìàíà (reaction of Wassermann)
  • SaO2 — ñàòóðàöèÿ àðòåðèàëüíîé êðîâè êèñëîðîäîì SatO2 — íàñûùåíèå êðîâè êèñëîðîäîì
  • ScvO2 — íàñûùåíèå êèñëîðîäîì öåíòðàëüíîé âåíîçíîé êðîâè (Central venous oxygen saturation)
  • SD — ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (standart deviation) SFTPA — ãåí ñóðôàêòàíòíîãî áåëêà A
  • SFTPB — ãåí ñóðôàêòàíòíîãî áåëêà Â
  • SFTPC — ãåí ñóðôàêòàíòíîãî áåëêà Ñ
  • SPINK — èíãèáèòîð ñåðèíîâîé ïðîòåàçû
  • SpO2 — íàñûùåíèå (ñàòóðàöèÿ) ãåìîãëîáèíà êèñëîðîäîì spp. — âèäû (ïðè ðîäîâîì èìåíè ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ)
  • Src. — èñòî÷íèê èíôîðìàöèè, áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ññûëêà (source)
  • STAT1 — ñèãíàëüíûé ïðåîáðàçîâàòåëü è àêòèâàòîð òðàíñêðèïöèè 1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription)
  • TA — ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ àíàòîìè÷åñêàÿ òåðìèíîëîãèÿ TCR — T-êëåòî÷íûé ðåöåïòîð (T-cell receptor)
  • TLRs — Òîëë-ïîäîáíûå ðåöåïòîðû (Toll-like receptors) TNF — ôàêòîð íåêðîçà îïóõîëè (tumor necrosis factor)
  • TORCH — òîêñîïëàçìîç, êðàñíóõà, öèòîìåãàëîâèðóñíàÿ èíôåêöèÿ, ãåðïåñ è äðóãèå èíôåêöèè (Toxoplasmosis, Other infections, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex)
  • TPM — ìóòàöèÿ òðîïîìèîçèíà (mutation of the tropomyosin)
  • TRAP — ñèíäðîì îáðàòíîé àðòåðèàëüíîé ïåðôóçèè áëèçíåöîâ (twin reversed arterial perfusion)
  • TRAPS — ïåðèîäè÷åñêèé ñèíäðîì, àññîöèèðîâàííûé ñ ðåöåïòîðîì ôàêòîðà íåêðîçà îïóõîëè (Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome)
  • ™ — òîðãîâàÿ ìàðêà
  • URL — èíòåðíåò-ññûëêà, àäðåñ èíòåðíåò-ðåñóðñà (Uniform Resource Locator)
  • VEGF — ôàêòîð ðîñòà ýíäîòåëèÿ ñîñóäîâ (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
  • WPW — ñèíäðîì Âîëüôà-Ïàðêèíñîíà-Óàéòà (Wolff-Parkinson-White)
  • XLA — Õ-ñöåïëåííàÿ àãàììàãëîáóëèíåìèÿ (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
  • aDG-RD — äèñòðîôèè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ a-äèñòðîãëèêàíàìè (alpha dystroglycan-related dystrophies)
  • β-ÕÃ× — β-ñóáúåäèíèöà õîðèîíè÷åñêîãî ãîíàäîòðîïèíà ÷åëîâåêà

 õîäå ïîäãîòîâêè ñòàòåé ïî äåòñêîé ãàñòðîýíòåðîëîãèè â ïåäèàòðèè äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ñàéòà ÌåäÓíèâåð èñïîëüçîâàíû òðóäû ñëåäóþùèõ àâòîðîâ:

  1. Hasan A, Gardner A, Devlin M, Russell C: Submucous cleft palate with bifid uvula, J Pediatr 165:872, 2014
  2. Subcommittee of Hyperbilirubinemia. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation, Pediatrics 114(1):p297–p316, 2004
  3. The Cholestasis Guidelines Committee. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Clinical Guideline: Guideline for the evaluation of cholestatic jaundice in infants: recommendations of the north American society for pediatric gastroenterology, Hepatology and nutrition, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 39:115–128, 2004
  4. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Chronic Abdominal Pain: Chronic abdominal pain in children, Pediatrics 115:812–815, 2003
  5. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee and NASPGHAN Committee on Chronic Abdominal Pain: Chronic abdominal pain in children: a technical report of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40:249–261, 2005
  6. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee and NASPGHAN Committee on Chronic Abdominal Pain: Chronic abdominal pain in children: a clinical report of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40:245–248, 2005
  7. Auth MKH, Vora R, Farrelly P, et al: Childhood constipation, BMJ 345:38–43, 2012
  8. Bairdain S, Dinakar P, Mooney DP: Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in children, J Pediatr Surg 50:1177–1179, 2015
  9. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C, et al: Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the Rome II with the Rome III criteria, J Pediatr 161:615–620, 2012
  10. Carty HM: Paediatric emergencies: non-traumatic abdominal emergencies, Eur Radiol 12:2835–2848, 2002
  11. Carvalho RS, Michail SK, Ashai-Khan F, Mezoff AG: An update in pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition: a review of some recent advances, Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 38:197–234, 2008
  12. Chelimsky TC, Chelimsky GG: Autonomic abnormalities in cyclic vomiting, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44:326–330, 2007
  13. Chuang F, Lin JS, Yeung C, et al: Intestinal angiodysplasia: an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in children, Pediatr Neonatol 52:214–218, 2011
  14. El-Chammas K, Majeskie A, Simpson P, et al: Red flags in children with chronic abdominal pain and Crohn’s disease—a single center experience, J Pediatr 162:783–787, 2013
  15. Fitzpatrick E, Bourke B, Drumm B, et al: Outcome for children with cyclical vomiting syndrome, Arch Dis Child 92:1001–1004, 2007
  16. Franchini M, Mannucci PM: Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and bleeding in von Willebrand disease, Thromb Haemost 112:427–431, 2014
  17. Gasiorowska A, Faas R: Current approach to dysphagia, Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:269–279, 2009
  18. Golden CB, Feusner JH: Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis, Pediatr Clin North Am 49:1369–1392, 2002
  19. Hasosah MY, Abdul-Wahab AA, Bin-Yahab SA, et al: Blue rubber bled nevus syndrome: extensive small bowel vascular lesions responsible for gastrointestinal bleeding, J Paediatr Child Health 46:63–65, 2010
  20. Kirkham SE, Lindley KJ, Elawad MA, et al: Treatment of multiple small bowel angiodysplasias causing severe life-threatening bleeding with thalidomide, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42(5):585–587, 2006
  21. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M, et al: The Pediatric Rome IV criteria: what’s new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(3):193–201, 2017
  22. Li BU, Misiewicz L: Cylic vomiting syndrome: a brain-gut disorder, Gastroenterol Clin North Am 32:997–1019, 2003
  23. Mulvaney S, Lombert EW, Garber J, et al: Trajectories of symptoms and impairment for pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:737–744, 2006
  24. Nurko S, Rosen R, Furuta GT: Esophageal dysmotility in children with eosinophilic esophagitis: a study using prolonged esophageal manometry, Am J Gastroenterol 104(12):3050–3057, 2009 doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.543. [Epub 2009 Sep 15].
  25. Parashette KR, Croffie J: Vomiting, Pediatr Rev 34:307–320, 2013
  26. Pennazlo M: Small-intestinal pathology on capsule endoscopy: spectrum of vascular lesions, Endoscopy 37:864–869, 2005
  27. Pfau BT, Li BUK, Murray RD, et al: Differentiating cyclic from chronic vomiting patterns in children: quantitative criteria and diagnostic implications, Pediatrics 97:364–368, 1996
  28. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, et al: Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent, Gastroenterology 130:1527–1537, 2006
  29. Rome Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: home page (website).
  30. Rubin G: Constipation in children, Clin Evid 10:369–374, 2003
  31. Sami SS, Al-Araji SA, Ragunath K: Review article: gastrointestinal angiodysplasia—pathogenesis, diagnosis and management, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 39:15–34, 2014
  32. Siawash M, de Jager-Kievit JWA, Ten WTA, et al: Prevalence of anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in a pediatric population with chronic abdominal pain, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 62(3):399–402, 2016
  33. Strate LL, Gralnek IM: ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, Am J Gastroenterol 111(4):459–474, 2016
  34. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: Consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of cyclical vomiting, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47:379–393, 2008
  35. Dummett CO, Thikkurissy S: Anomalies of the developing dentition IN pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence, ed 5, St. Louis, 2013, Elsevier/Saunders, pp 54–64.Food and Drug Administration/FDA News Release: FDA confirms elevated levels of belladonna in certain homeopathic teething products.
  36. Food and Drug Administration/FDA News Release: FDA warns against the use of homeopathic teething tablets and gels.
  37. Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, et al: Signs and symptoms of primary tooth eruption: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics 137(3):e20153501, 2016.
  38. Tinanoff N: Use of fluoride. In Berg J, Slayton R, editors: Early childhood oral health, Ames, Iowa, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 92–109.
  39. Berg E, Haaland OA, Feragen KB, et al: Health status among adults born with an oral cleft in Norway, JAMA Pediatr 170(11):1063–1070, 2016.
  40. Kasten EF, Schmidt SP, Zickler CF, et al: Team care of the patient with cleft lip and palate, Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 38:133–164, 2008.
  41. Lam DJ, Chiu LL, Sie KCY, et al: Impact of cleft width in clefts of secondary palate on the risk of velopharyngeal insufficiency, Arch Facial Plast Surg 14:360–364, 2012.
  42. Mossey PA, Little J, Munger RG, et al: Cleft lip and palate, Lancet 374:1773–1782, 2009.
  43. Rittler M, Lopez-Camelo JS, Castilla EE, et al: Preferential associations between oral clefts and other major congenital anomalies, Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:525–532, 2008
  44. Buchenau W, Urschitz MS, Sautermeister J, et al: A randomized clinical trial of a new orthodontic appliance to improve upper airway obstruction in infants with pierre robin sequence, J Pediatr 151:145–149, 2007.
  45. Chang CC, Steinbacker DM: Treacher collins syndrome, Semin Plast Surg 26:83–90, 2012.
  46. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guideline on fluoride therapy, Pediatr Dent 38:181–184, 2016\2017.
  47. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classification, consequences, and preventive strategies, Pediatr Dent 38:52–54, 2016\2017.
  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water—United States, 1992–2006, MMWR MORB MORTAL WKLY REP 57(27):737–740, 2008.
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of untreated dental caries in permanent teeth among children and adolescents aged 6-19 years, by age group—national health and nutrition examination survey, United States, 2011-2014, MMWR MORB MORTAL WKLY REP 66(1):36, 2017.
  50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of untreated dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-8 years, by age group and race/hispanic origin—national health and nutrition examination survey, 2011-2014, MMWR MORB MORTAL WKLY REP 66(9):261, 2017.
  51. Clark MB, Slayton RL: AAP section on oral health: fluoride use in caries prevention in the primary care setting, Pediatrics 134:626–633, 2014.
  52. Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G, Li X, Iafolla TJ: Dental caries and sealant prevalence in children and adolescence in the United States, 2011-2012. In NCHS data brief no 191, Hyattsville, MD, 2015, National Center for Health Statistics. As accessed on October 3, 2016
  53. Dye BA, Thornton-Evans G, Li X: Oral health disparities as determined by selected healthy people 20202 oral health objectives for United States, 2009-2010. In NCHS data brief no 104, Hyattsville, MD, 2012, National Center for Health Statistics. As accessed on December 28, 2016
  54. Griffin SO, Wei L, Gooch BF, et al: Vital signs: dental sealant use and untreated tooth decay among U.S. school-aged children, MMWR MORB MORTAL WKLY REP 65(41):1141–1145, 2016.
  55. Krol DM, Segura A, Boulter S, et al: Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children, Pediatrics 134:1224–1229, 2014.
  56. Moyer VA, US Preventive Services Task Force: Prevention of dental caries in children from birth through age 5 years: US preventive services task force recommendation statement, Pediatrics 133:1102–1111, 2014.
  57. Peres KG, Nascimento GG, Peres MA, et al: Impact of prolonged breastfeeding on dental caries: a population-based birth cohort study, Pediatrics 140(1):e20162943, 2017.
  58. Robertson DP, Keys W, Rautemaa-Richardson R, et al: Management of severe acute dental infections, BMJ 350:h1300, 2015.
  59. Ryan P, McMahon G: Severe dental infections in the emergency department, Eur J Emerg Med 19:208–213, 2012.
  60. Tinanoff N: Use of fluoride. In Berg J, Slayton R, editors: Early childhood oral health, Ames, IA, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 92–109.
  61. Warnke PH, Becker ST, Springer ING, et al: Penicillin compared with other advanced broad-spectrum antibiotics regarding antibacterial activity against oral pathogens isolated from odontogenic abscesses, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 36:462–467, 2008.
  62. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guidelines on periodontal diseases of children and adolescents, Pediatr Dent 38:388–396, 2016\2017.
  63. Pihlstrom BL, Fine DH: Aggressive periodontitis in adolescents in Morocco, Lancet 371:188–189, 2008
  64. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guidelines on management of acute dental trauma, Pediatr Dent 33:230–238, 2012\2013
  65. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guidelines on management of traumatic dental injuries. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth, Pediatr Dent 38:359–368, 2016\2017
  66. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guidelines on management of traumatic dental injuries. Avulsion of permanent teeth, Pediatr Dent 38:369–376, 2016\2017
  67. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Reference Manual: Guidelines on management of traumatic dental injuries. Injuries to primary dentition, Pediatr Dent 38:377–385, 2016\2017.
  68. Emond A, Ingram J, Johnson D, et al: Randomised controlled trial of early frenotomy in breastfed infants with mild-moderate tongue-tie, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed (3):F189–F195, 2014.
  69. Garkan A, Altiaylik-?zer P, et al: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in childhood and adolescence: a single-center experience, Pediatr Dermatol 32(4):476–480, 2015.
  70. Barskey AE, Juieng P, Whitaker BL, et al: Viruses detected among sporadic cases of parotitis, United States, 2009–2011, JID 208:1979–1986, 2013.
  71. Mehanna H, McQueen A, Robinson M, et al: Salivary gland swelling, BMJ 345:36–41, 2012.
  72. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Dental Cone-beam Computed Tomography.
  73. Kahrilas PJ, Sifrim D: High-resolution manometry and impedance-pH/manometry: valuable tools in clinical and investigational esophagology, Gastroenterology 135:756–769, 2008.
  74. Ravi K, Francis DL: New technologies to evaluate esophageal function, Expert Rev Med Devices 4:829–837, 2007.
  75. Van Wijk MP, Benninga MA, Omari TI: Role of the multichannel intraluminal impedance technique in infants and children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48:2–12, 2009.
  76. Willging JP, Thompson DM: Pediatric FEEST: fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 7:240–243, 2005.
  77. Knigge M, Thibeault S, McCulloch T: Implementation of High-resolution manometry in the clinical practice of speech language pathology, Dysphagia 29(1):2–16, 2014.
  78. Achildi O, Grewal H: Congenital anomalies of the esophagus, Otolaryngol Clin North Am 40:219–244, 2007.
  79. Brookes JT, Smith MC, Smith RJH, et al: H-type congenital tracheoesophageal fistula: university of iowa experience 1985-2005, Ann Otolo Rhinol Laryngol 116(5):363–368, 2007.
  80. Burge DM, Shah K, Spark P, et al: Contemporary management and outcomes for infants born with oesophageal atresia, Br J Surg 100:515–521, 2013.
  81. Castilloux J, Noble AJ, Faure C: Risk factors for short- and long-term morbidity in children with esophageal atresia, J Pediatr 156:755–760, 2010.
  82. Keckler SJ, St Peter SD, Valusek PA, et al: VACTERL anomalies in patients with esophageal atresia: an updated delineation of the spectrum and review of the literature, Pediatr Surg Int 23:309–313, 2007.
  83. Singh A, Middlesworth W: Khlevner J, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 19:4, 2017.
  84. Smith N: Oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula, Early Hum Dev 90:947–950, 2014.
  85. Owusu JA, Sidman JD, Anderson GF: Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: report of long term survivor successfully decannulated, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 75(9):1207–1209, 2011.
  86. Amae S, Nio M, Kamiyama T, et al: Clinical characteristics and management of congenital esophageal stenosis: a report on 14 cases, J Pediatr Surg 38:565–570, 2003.
  87. Michaud L, Coutenier F, Podevin G: Characteristics and management of congenital esophageal stenosis: findings from a multicenter study, Orphanet J Rare Dis 8:186, 2013.
  88. Serrao E, Santos A, Gaivao A: Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare case of dysphagia, J Radiol Case Rep 4(6):8–14, 2010.
  89. Erdeve O, Kologlu M, Atasay B, et al: Primary cricopharyngeal achalasia in a newborn treated by balloon dilatation, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 71:165–168, 2007.
  90. Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JME, et al: UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study, Arch Dis Child 96:192–194, 2011.
  91. Mishra A, Wang M, Pemmaraju VR, et al: Esophageal remodeling develops as a consequence of tissue specific IL-5–induced eosinophilia, Gastroenterology 134:204–214, 2008.
  92. Nazem M, Amouee AB, Eidy M, et al: Duplication of cervical oesophagus: a case report and review of the literature, Afr J Paediatr Surg 7(3):203–205, 2010.
  93. Straumann A, Aceves SS, Blanchard C, et al: Pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis, Allergy 67(4):477–490, 2012.
  94. Boeckxstaens GE, Zuninotto G, Richter JE: Achalasia, Lancet 383:83–93, 2014.
  95. Chun R, Sitton M, Tipnis NA, et al: Endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy for management of cricopharyngeal achalasia in an 18 month old child, Laryngoscope 123(3):797–800, 2013.
  96. Goyal & Shaker, GI Motility Online. Orenstein SR: Oral, pharyngeal and esophageal motor disorders in infants and children.
  97. Hallal C, Kieling CO, Nunes DL, et al: Diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and associated diseases of achalasia in children and adolescents: a twelve-year single center experience, Pediatr Surg Int 28(12):1211–1217, 2012.
  98. Nabi Z, Ramchandani M, Reddy DN: Per oral endoscopic myotomy in children with achalasia cardia, Neurogastroenterol Motil 22(4):613–619, 2016.
  99. Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V: Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype, Gastroenterology 144(4):718–725, 2013
  100. Beal J, Silverman B, Bellant J, et al: Late onset necrotizing enterocolitis in infants following use of a xanthan gum-containing thickening agent, J Pediatr 161(2):354–356, 2012.
  101. Bredenoord AJ, Pandolfino JE, Smout AJPM: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, Lancet 381:1933–1940, 2013.
  102. Campanozzi A, Boccia G, Pensabene L, et al: Prevalence and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux: pediatric prospective survey, Pediatrics 123:779–783, 2009.
  103. Chang AB, Lasscrson TJ, Gaffney J: Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults (review), Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD004823, 2011.
  104. Epstein D, Bojke L, Sculpher MJ, et al: Laparoscopic fundoplication compared with medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: cost-effectiveness study, BMJ 339:152–155, 2009.
  105. Eusebi LH, Rabitti S, Artesiani ML, et al: Proton pump inhibitors: risks of long-term use, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 32(7):1295–1302, 2017.
  106. Forbes D, Lim A, Ravikumara M: Gastroesophageal reflux in the 21st century, Curr Opin Pediatr 25:597–603, 2013.
  107. Grant AM, Cotton SC, Boachie C, et al: Minimal access surgery compared with medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial (REFLUX), BMJ 346:12, 2013.
  108. Jackon H, Kane T: Surgical management of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013:863527, 2013. [Epub 2013 May 9].
  109. Jadcherla SR, Hogan WJ, Shaker R: Physiology and Pathophysiology of glottic reflexes and pulmonary aspiration: from newborns to adults, Semin Respir Crit Care Med 31:554–560, 2010.
  110. Karagas MR, Punshon T, Sayarath V, et al: Association of rice and rice-product consumption with arsenic exposure early in life, JAMA Pediatr 170(6):609–616, 2016.
  111. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Am J Gastroenterol 108:308–328, 2013.
  112. Kwok TC, Ojha S, Dorling J: Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastroesophageal reflux (review), Cochrane Database System Rev 12:CD003211, 2017.
  113. Lightdale JR, Gremse DA, section on Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician, Pediatrics 131(5):e1684, 2013.
  114. Lyon J: Study questions use of acid suppressors to curb mild infant reflux, JAMA 318(15):1427–1428, 2017.
  115. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmagae-Jablonska W, et al: Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, J Pediatr 154:514–520, 2009.
  116. Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Kelsey SF, et al: Natural history of infant reflux esophagitis: symptoms and morphometric histology during one year without pharmacotherapy, Am J Gastroenterol 101:628–640, 2006.
  117. Srivastava R, Berry JG, Hall M, et al: Reflux related hospital admissions after fundoplication in children with neurological impairment: retrospective cohort study, BMJ 340:b4411, 2010.
  118. The Medical Letter: Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Med Lett 60:9–16, 2018.
  119. Thompson M, Antao B, Hall S, et al: Medium term outcome of endoluminal gastroplication with the EndoCinch device in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 46:172–177, 2008.
  120. Tjon JA, Pe M, Soscia J, et al: Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors in the management of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease, Pharmacotherapy 33(9):956–971, 2013.
  121. Wakeman DS, Wilson NA, Warner BW: Current status of surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 28:356–362, 2016.
  122. Ali Mel-S: Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis and treatment of a controversial disease, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 8:28–33, 2008.
  123. El-Serag HB, Gilger MA, Shub MD, et al: The prevalence of suspected Barrett’s esophagus in children and adolescents: a multicenter endoscopic study, Gastrointest Endosc 64:671–675, 2006.
  124. Gilger MA, El-Serag HB, Gold BD, et al: Prevalence of endoscopic findings of erosive esophagitis in children: a population based study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47:141–146, 2008.
  125. Havemann BD, Henderson CAA, El-Serag HB: The relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma; a systematic review, Gut 56:1654–1664, 2007.
  126. Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB, Shub M, et al: Barrett’s esophagus in children and adolescents without neurodevelopmental or tracheoesophageal abnormalities: a prospective study, Gastrointest Endosc 73(5):875–880, 2011.
  127. Shaheen NJ, Richter JE: Barrett’s oesophagus, Lancet 373:850–858, 2009.
  128. Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al: Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett’s esophagus with dysplasia, N Engl J Med 360:2277–2288, 2009.
  129. Slocum C, Hibbs AM, Martin RJ, et al: Infant apnea and gastroesophageal reflux: a critical review and framework for further investigation, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9:219–224, 2007.
  130. Smits MJ, van Wilk MP et al: Association between gastroesophageal reflux and pathologic apneas in infants: a systematic review, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 26(11),1527-38, 2016.
  131. Thakkar K, Boatright RO, Gilger MA, et al: Gastroesophageal reflux in children with asthma: a systematic review, Pediatrics 125(4):925–930, 2010.
  132. Tolia V, Vandenplas Y: Systematic review: the extra-oesophageal symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 29:258–272, 2009.
  133. Vaezi MF: Laryngeal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10:271–277, 2008.
  134. Valusek PA, St Peter SD, Tsao K, et al: The use of fundoplication for prevention of apparent life-threatening events, J Pediatr Surg 42:1022–1024, 2007.
  135. Abid S, Mumtaz K, Jafri W, et al: Pill induced esophagitis: endoscopic features and clinical outcomes, Endoscopy 37:740–744, 2005.
  136. Alexander ES, Martin LJ, Collins MH, et al: Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol 134(5):1084–1092, 2014.
  137. Canalejo E, Duran FG, Cabello N, et al: Herpes esophagitis in healthy adults and adolescents, Medicine (Baltimore) 89(4):204–210, 2010.
  138. Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina-Infante J, et al: Updated International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Proceedings of the AGREE Conference, Gastroenterology 155(4):1022–1033, 2018.
  139. Franciosi JP, Liacouras CA: Eosinophilic esophagitis, Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 29:19–27, 2009.
  140. Golekoh MC, Hornung LN, Mukkada VA, et al: Adrenal insufficiency after chronic swallowed glucocorticoid therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis, J Pediatr 170:240–245, 2016.
  141. Hill CA, Ramakrishna J, Fracchia S, et al: Prevalence of eosinophillic esophagitis in children with refractory aerodigestive symptoms, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 139:903–906, 2013.
  142. Kliemann DA, Pasqualotto AC, Falavigna M, et al: Candida esophagitis: species distribution and risk factors for infection, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50:261–263, 2008.
  143. Lee B, Caddy G: A rare cause of dysphagia: herpes simplex esophagitis, World J Gastroenterol 13:2756–2757, 2007.
  144. Lee JJ, Baker RD, Khan AR, et al: Childhood esophagitis: then and now, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48:37–40, 2009.
  145. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al: Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults, J Allergy Clin Immunol 128(1):3–20, 2011.
  146. Maguire A, Sheahan K: Pathology of oesophagitis, Histopathology 60:864–879, 2012.
  147. Molina-Infante J, Gonzalez-Cordero PL, Lucendo AJ: Proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal esoinophila, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 33:2017. (epub).
  148. Oyoshi MK: Recent research advances in eosinophilic esophagitis, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:741–747, 2015.
  149. Patel NC, Caicedo RA: Esophageal infections: an update, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:642–648, 2015.
  150. Pentiuk S, Putnam PE, Collinc MH, et al: Dissociation between symptoms and histological severity in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48:152–160, 2009.
  151. Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, et al: Delay in diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis increases risk for stricture formation in a time dependent manner, Gastroenterology 145:1230–1236, 2013.
  152. Straumann A, Schoepfer AM: Therapeutic concepts in adult and pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9(12):697–704, 2012.
  153. Vashi R, Hirano I: Diet therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis: when, why and how, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 29(4):407–415, 2013.
  154. Zezos P, Harel Z, Saibil F Cloxacillin: a new cause of pill esophagitis, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Article ID 2904256: 2 pages, 2016.
  155. Blencowe NS, Strong S, Hollowood AD: Spontaneous oesophageal rupture, BMJ 346:38–39, 2013.
  156. Gander JW, Berdon WE, Cowles RA: Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in children, Pediatr Surg Int 25:395–401, 2009.
  157. Osborn HA, Papsin BC: Acute onset of retrosternal and epigastric pain, JAMA 309:823–824, 2013.
  158. Robles-Medranda C, Villard F, Bouvier R, et al: Spontaneous esophageal perforation in eosinophilic esophagitis in children, Endoscopy 40(Suppl 2):E171, 2008.
  159. Saxena P, Khashab MA: Endoscopic management of esophageal perforations: who, when, and how?, Curr Treat Options Gastro 15(1):35–45, 2017
  160. Cardenas A, Gines P: Portal hypertension, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25:195–201, 2009.
  161. Ling SC: Advances in the evaluation and management of children with portal hypertension, Semin Liver Dis 32:288–297, 2012.
  162. Shneider BL, de Ville de Goyet J, Leung DH, et al: Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children and the role of MesoRex bypass: summary of the Baveno VI pediatric satellite symposium, Hepatology 63:1368–1380, 2016
  163. Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al: Management of ingested foreign bodies in children: a clinical report of the NASPGHAN endoscopy committee, JPGN 60:562–574, 2015.
  164. Triadafilopoulos G, Roorda A, Akiyama J: Update on foreign bodies in the esophagus: diagnosis and management, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 15:317, 2013
  165. Chirica M, Bonavina L, Kelly MD, et al: Caustic ingestion, Lancet 389:2041–2050, 2017.
  166. Contini S, Garatti M, Swarray-Deen A, et al: Corrosive esophageal strictures in children: outcomes after timely or delayed dilatation, Dig Liver Dis 41:263–268, 2009.
  167. Elshabrawi M, A-Kader HH: Caustic ingestion in children, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(5):637–645, 2011.
  168. Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, Anderson MA, et al: Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impaction, Gastrointest Endoscopy 73(6):1085–1091, 2011.
  169. Johnson CM, Brigger MT: The public health impact of pediatric caustic ingestion injuries, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 138(12):1111–1115, 2012.
  170. Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al: Management of ingested foreign bodies in children: a clinical report of the NASPGHAN endoscopy committee, JPGN 60(4):562–574, 2015.
  171. Leinwand K, Brumbaugh DE, Kramer RE: Button battery ingestion in children—a paradigm for management of severe pediatric foreign body ingestions, Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 26:99–118, 2016.
  172. Lu LS, Tai WC, Hu ML, et al: Predicting the progress of caustic injury to complicated gastric outlet obstruction and esophageal stricture, using modified endoscopic mucosal injury grading scale, Biomed Res Int 6:2014. Article ID 919870.
  173. Shub MD: Therapy of caustic ingestion: new treatment considerations, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:609–613, 2015.
  174. Usta M, Erkan T, Cokugras FC, et al: High doses of methylprednisolone in the management of caustic esophageal burns, Pediatrics 133:e1518–e1524, 2014.
  175. Chirica M, Bonavina L, Kelly MD, et al: Caustic ingestion, Lancet 389:2041–2050, 2017.
  176. Contini S, Garatti M, Swarray-Deen A, et al: Corrosive esophageal strictures in children: outcomes after timely or delayed dilatation, Dig Liver Dis 41:263–268, 2009.
  177. Elshabrawi M, A-Kader HH: Caustic ingestion in children, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(5):637–645, 2011.
  178. Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, Anderson MA, et al: Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impaction, Gastrointest Endoscopy 73(6):1085–1091, 2011.
  179. Johnson CM, Brigger MT: The public health impact of pediatric caustic ingestion injuries, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 138(12):1111–1115, 2012.
  180. Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al: Management of ingested foreign bodies in children: a clinical report of the NASPGHAN endoscopy committee, JPGN 60(4):562–574, 2015.
  181. Leinwand K, Brumbaugh DE, Kramer RE: Button battery ingestion in children—a paradigm for management of severe pediatric foreign body ingestions, Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 26:99–118, 2016.
  182. Lu LS, Tai WC, Hu ML, et al: Predicting the progress of caustic injury to complicated gastric outlet obstruction and esophageal stricture, using modified endoscopic mucosal injury grading scale, Biomed Res Int 6:2014. Article ID 919870.
  183. Shub MD: Therapy of caustic ingestion: new treatment considerations, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:609–613, 2015.
  184. Usta M, Erkan T, Cokugras FC, et al: High doses of methylprednisolone in the management of caustic esophageal burns, Pediatrics 133: e1518–e1524, 2014.
  185. Chung E: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: genes and environment, Arch Dis Child 93:1003, 2008
  186. Kawahara H, Imura K, Nishikawa M, et al: Intravenous atropine treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Arch Dis Child 87(1):71–74, 2002.
  187. Kawahara H, Takama Y, Yoshida H, et al: Medical treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: should we always slice the “olive”?, J Pediatr Surg 40:2005, 1848.
  188. Singh UK, Kumar R, Prasad R: Oral atropine sulfate for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Indian Pediatr 42:473, 2005
  189. Sorensen HT, Skriver MV, Pedersen L, et al: Risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after maternal postnatal use of macrolides, Scand J Infect Dis 35:104, 2003.
  190. To T, Wajja A, Wales PW, et al: Population demographic indicators associated with incidence of pyloric stenosis, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159:520, 2005.
  191. Yagmurlu A: Laparoscopic versus open pyloromyotomy, Lancet 373:358–360, 2009.
  192. Bonacci JL, Schlatter MG: Gastric duplication cyst: a unique presentation, J Pediatr Surg 43:1203–1205, 2008
  193. Hur J, Yoon CS, Kim MJ, et al: Imaging features of gastrointestinal tract duplications in infants and children: from oesophagus to rectum, Pediatr Radiol 37:691–699, 2007.
  194. Cribbs RK, Gow KW, Wulkan ML: Gastric volvulus in infants and children, Pediatrics 122:e752–e762, 2008.
  195. Graham-Maar RC, Russo P, Johnson AM, et al: A 2-year-old boy with emesis and facial edema, Medgenmed 8:75, 2006
  196. Hoffer V, Finkelstein Y, Balter J, et al: Ganciclovir treatment in M?n?trier’s disease, Acta Paediatr 92:983–985, 2003
  197. Megged O, Schlesinger Y: Cytomegalovirus-associated protein-losing gastropathy in childhood, Eur J Pediatr 167:1217–1220, 2008
  198. Tokuhara D, Okano Y, Asou K, et al: Cytomegalovirus and Helicobacter pylori co-infection in a child with M?n?trier disease, Eur J Pediatr 166:63–65, 2007.
  199. Basu R, Burge DM: The effect of antenatal diagnosis on the management of small bowel atresia, Pediatr Surg Int 20:177–179, 2004.
  200. Bittencourt DG, Barini R, Marba S, et al: Congenital duodenal obstruction: does prenatal diagnosis improve the outcome?, Pediatr Surg Int 20:582–585, 2004.
  201. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW, et al: Intestinal atresia and stenosis: a 25 year experience with 277 cases, Arch Surg 133:490–497, 1998.
  202. De la Hunt MN: The acute abdomen in the newborn, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 11:191–197, 2006.
  203. Escobar MA, Ladd AP, Grosfeld JL, et al: Duodenal atresia and stenosis: Long-term follow-up over 30 years, J Pediatr Surg 39:867–871, 2004.
  204. Kumaran N, Shankar KR, Lloyd DA, et al: Trends in the management and outcome of jejuno-ileal atresia, Eur J Pediatr Surg 12:163–167, 2002.
  205. Werler MM, Sheehan JE, Mitchell AA: Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia, Epidemiology 14:349–354, 2003.
  206. Ñ Draus JM Jr, Foley DS, Bond SJ: Laparoscopic ladd procedure: a minimally invasive approach to malrotation without midgut volvulus, Am Surg 73(7):693–696, 2007.
  207. Forrester MB, Merz RD: Population-based study of small intestinal atresia and stenosis, Hawaii, 1986–2000, Public Health 118:434–438, 2004.
  208. Khen N, Jaubert F, Sauvat F, et al: Fetal intestinal obstruction induces alteration of enteric nervous system development in human intestinal atresia, Pediatr Res 56:975–980, 2004.
  209. Kumar N, Curry JI: Bile-stained vomiting in the infant: green is not good!, Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 93:84–86, 2008.
  210. Lampl B, Levin TL, Berdon WE, et al: Malrotation and midgut volvulus: a historical review and current controversies in diagnosis and management, Pediatr Radiol 39(4):359–366, 2009.
  211. Lee HC, Pickard SS, Sridhar S, et al: Intestinal malrotation and catastrophic volvulus in infancy, J Emerg Med 43(1):e49–e51, 2012.
  212. Mehall JR, Chandler JC, Mehall RL, et al: Management of typical and atypical intestinal malrotation, J Pediatr Surg 37:1169–1172, 2002.
  213. Millar AJ, Rode H, Cywes S: Malrotation and volvulus in infancy and childhood, Semin Pediatr Surg 12:229–236, 2003.
  214. Pickhardt PJ, Bhalla S: Intestinal malrotation in adolescents and adults: spectrum of clinical and imaging features, AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:1429–1435, 2002.
  215. Williams H: Green for danger! Intestinal malrotation and volvulus, Arch Dis Child 92:ep87–ep91, 2007.
  216. Yu DC, Thiagarajan RR, Laussen PC, et al: Outcomes after the ladd procedure in patients with heterotaxy syndrome, congenital heart disease, and intestinal malrotation, J Pediatr Surg 44(6):1089–1095, 2009.
  217. Augestad KM, Dehli T, Thuy L, et al: A littre bleed, Lancet 380:1030, 2012.
  218. He Q, Zhang Y, Xiao B, et al: Double-balloon enteroscopy for diagnosis of Meckel’s diverticulum: comparison with operative findings and capsule endoscopy, Surgery 153:549–554, 2013.
  219. Menezes M, Tareen F, Saeed A, et al: Symptomatic Meckel’s diverticulum in children: a 16-year review, Pediatr Surg Int 24:575–577, 2008.
  220. Onen A, Cigdem MK, Ozturk H, et al: When to resect and when not to resect and asymptomatic Meckel’s diverticulum: an ongoing challenge, Pediatr Surg Int 19:57–61, 2003.
  221. Pepper VK, Stanfill AB, Pearl RH: Diagnosis and management of pediatric appendicitis, intussusception, and meckel diverticulum, Surg Clin North Am 92(3):505–526, 2012.
  222. Uppal K: Meckel’s diverticulum: a review, Clin Anat 24(4):416–422, 2011.
  223. Chumpitazi B., Nurko S.: Pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders: challenges and a clinical update, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 4(2):140–148, 2008.
  224. Cucchiara S, Borrelli O, Salvia G, et al: A normal gastrointestinal motility excludes chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in children, Dig Dis Sci 45:258–264, 2000.
  225. Di Nardo G, Blandizzi C., Volta U., et al: Review article: molecular, pathological and therapeutic features of human enteric neuropathies, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28:25–42, 2008.
  226. Di Nardo G., Di Lorenzo C., Lauro A., et al: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in children and adults: diagnosis and therapeutic options, Neurogastroenterol Motil 29:12945, 2017.
  227. Faure C.: Chronic intestinal Pseudo-obstruction syndrome. In Walker WA, Goulet O: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease. Pathohysiology, Diagnosis, Management, ed 4, 2004.
  228. Gabbard S., Lacy B.: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Nutr Clin Pract 28(3):307–316, 2013.
  229. Haas S., Bindl L., Fischer H.P.: Autoimmune enteric leiomyositis: a rare cause of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction with specific morphological features, Human Path 36:576–580, 2005.
  230. Kleinman R., et al, editors: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Hamilton, Ontario, 2004, BC Decker. pp1044–1054.
  231. Knowles C.H., Lindberg G., Panza E., De Giorgio R.: New perspectives in the diagnosis and management of enteric neuropathies, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:206–218, 2013.
  232. Lapointe S.P., Rivet C., Goulet O., et al: Urological manifestations associated with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstructions in children, J Urol 168:1768–1770, 2002.
  233. Mousa H., Hyman P.E., Cocjin J., et al: Long-term outcome of congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Dig Dis Sci 47:2298–2305, 2002.
  234. Nurko S.: Motility disorders in children, Pediatr Clin N Am 64:593–612, 2017.
  235. Rahman S.: Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of mitochondrial disorders, J Inherit Metab Dis 36:659–673, 2013.
  236. Venkatasubramani N., Sood M.: Motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, Indian J Pediatr 73:927–930, 2006.
  237. Baris Z, Eminoolu T, Dalgi? B, et al: Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalo­myopathy (MNGIE): case report with a new mutation, Eur J Pediatr 169:1375–1378, 2010.
  238. D’Angelo R, Rinaldi R, Carelli V, et al: ITA-MNGIE: an Italian regional and national survey for mitochondrial neuro-gastro-intestinal encephalomyopathy, Neurol Sci 37:1149–1151, 2016.
  239. Garone C, Tadesse S, Hirano M: Clinical and genetic spectrum of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy, Brain 134:3326–3332, 2011.
  240. Hirano M: Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease. In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al, editors: GeneReviews® [internet], Seattle (WA), 2005, University of Washington, Seattle, pp 1993–2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1179/.
  241. Sivadasan A, Muthusamy K, Kumar A, et al: Pearls and Oy-sters: mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy, Neurology 86(14):e147–e150, 2016.
  242. Tang S, Dimberg EL, Milone M, Wong LJC: Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE)-like phenotype: an expanded clinical spectrum of POLG1 mutations, J Neurol 259:862–868, 2012
  243. Auth MKH, Vora R, Farrelly P, et al: Childhood constipation, BMJ 345:38–43, 2012.
  244. Bar-Maor JA, Eitan A: Determination of the normal position of the anus (with reference to idiopathic constipation), J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 6:559–561, 1987.
  245. Bekkali NLH, van den Berg MM, Dijkgraaf MGW, et al: Rectal fecal impaction treat­ment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG, Pediatrics 124:e1108–e1115, 2009.
  246. Benninga MA, Faure C, Hyman PE, et al: Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: Neonate/toddler, Gastroenterology 150:1443–1455, 2016.
  247. Boners ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA: Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44:5–13, 2007.
  248. Burgers R, Levin AD, Di Lorenzo C, et al: Functional defecation disorders in children: comparing the rome II with the rome III criteria, J Pediatr 161:615–620, 2012.
  249. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, et al: A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation, N Engl J Med 358:2344–2354, 2008.
  250. Candy D, Belsey J: Macrogol (polyethylene glycol) laxatives in children with functional constipation and faecal impaction: a systematic review, Arch Dis Child 94:156–160, 2009.
  251. Carvalho RS, Michail SK, Ashai-Khan F, et al: An update in pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition: a review of some recent advances, Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 38:197–234, 2008.
  252. Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA: Response to a behavioral treatment, biofeedback, in constipated patients is associated with improved gut transit and autonomic innervation, Gut 49:214–219, 2001.
  253. Freedman SB, Rodean J, Hall M, et al: Delayed diagnosis in children with constipation: multicenter retrospective cohort study, J Pediatr 186:87–94, 2017.
  254. Gordon M, MacDonald JK, Parker CE, et al: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation (review), Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8):CD009118, 2016.
  255. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al: Functional disorders: children and adolescents, Gastroenterology 150:1456–1468, 2016.
  256. Knowles CH, De Giorgio R, Kapur RP, et al: The London classification of gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology: report on behalf of the gastro 2009 international working group, Gut 59:882–887, 2010.
  257. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M, et al: The pediatric rome IV criteria: what’s new?, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(3):193–201, 2017.
  258. Lu PL, Di Lorenzo C: Neurostimulation of the gastrointestinal tract in children: is it time to shock the gut?, Curr Opin Pediatr 28:631–637, 2016.
  259. Masi P, Miele E, Staiano A: Pediatric anorectal disorders, Gastroenterol Clin North Am 37:709–730, 2008.
  260. Pijpers M, Tabbers M, Benninga M, et al: Currently recommended treatments of childhood constipation are not evidence based: a systematic literature review on the effect of laxative treatment and dietary measures, Arch Dis Child 94:117–131, 2009.
  261. Reid H, Bahar RJ: Treatment of encopresis and chronic constipation in young chil­dren: clinical results from interactive parent-child guidance, Clin Pediatr (Phila) 45:157–164, 2006.
  262. Rodriguez L, Sood M, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M: An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children, Neurogastroenterol Motil 29:e12944, 2017.
  263. Rosen R, Buonomo C, Andrade R, et al: Incidence of spinal cord lesions in patients with intractable constipation, J Pediatr 145:409–411, 2004.
  264. Singhal A, Morley R, Abbott R, et al: Clinical safety of iron-fortified formulas, Pediatrics 105(3):E38, 2000.
  265. Stern T, Davis AM: Evaluation and treatment of patients with constipation, JAMA 315(2):192–193, 2016.
  266. The Medical Letter: Plecanatide (Trulance) for chronic idiopathic constipation, Med Lett 59(1519):66–68, 2017.
  267. Van Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen ML, Bols EMJ, Benninga MA, et al: Effectiveness of pelvic physiotherapy in children with functional constipation compared with standard medical care, Gastroenterology 152:82–91, 2017.
  268. Voskuijl WP, Reitsma JB, van Ginkel R, et al: Longitudinal follow-up of children with functional nonretentive fecal incontinence, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:67–72, 2006.
  269. Amiel J, Sproat-Emison E, Garcia-Barcelo M, et al: Hirschsprung disease, associated syndromes and genetics: a review, J Med Genet 45:1–14, 2008.
  270. Arshad A, Powell C, Tighe MP: Hirschsprung’s disease, BMJ 345:47–49, 2012.
  271. Bonnard A, Zeidan S, Degas V, et al: Outcomes of Hirschsprung’s disease associated with Mowat-wilson syndrome, J Pediatr Surg 44:587–591, 2009.
  272. Dasgupta R, Langer J: Evaluation and management of persistent problems after surgery for hirschsprung disease in a child, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 46(1):13–19, 2008.
  273. Dasgupta R, Langer J: Hirschsprung disease, Curr Probl Surg 41:942–988, 2004.
  274. DeLorijn F, Reitsma JB, Voskuijl WP, et al: Diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease: a prospective comparative accuracy study of common tests, J Pediatr 146:787–792, 2005.
  275. Friedmacher F, Puri P: Classification and diagnostic criteria of variants of Hirschsprung’s disease, Pediatr Surg Int 29:855–872, 2013.
  276. Hackam D, Reblock K, Barksdale E: The influence of Down’s syndrome on the management and outcome of children with Hirschsprung’s disease, J Pediatr Surg 38:946–949, 2003.
  277. Haricharan R, Georgeson K: Hirschsprung disease, Semin Pediatr Surg 17:266–275, 2008.
  278. Heuckeroth RO: Hirschsprung disease. In Faure C: Pediatric neuro­gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Motility and Functional Disorders in Children, Clinical Gastroenterology, New York, 2013, Springer Science + Business Media.
  279. Keshtgar AS, Ward HC, Clayden GS: Investigations for incontinence and constipation after surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease in children, Pediatr Surg Int 19:4–8, 2003.
  280. Langer JC, Durrant AC, de la Torre L : One-stage transanal soave pull through for hirschsprung disease: a multicenter experience with 141 children, Ann Surg 238:569–583, discussion 583–585, 2003.
  281. Langer JC: Hirschsprung disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 25:368–374, 2013.
  282. Moore SW: Chromosomal and related mendelian syndromes associated with Hirschsprung’s disease, Pediatr Surg Int 28:1045–1058, 2012.
  283. Morris M, Soglio D, Quimet A, et al: A study of calretinin in hirschsprung disease pathology, particularly total colonic hirschsprung disease, J Pediatr Surg 48(5):1037–1043, 2013.
  284. Ozyurek H, Kayacik OE, Gunger O: Rare association of Hirschsprung’s disease and joubert syndrome, Eur J Pediatr 167:475–477, 2008.
  285. Pensabene L, Youssef NN, Griffiths JM, et al: Colonic manometry in children with defecatory disorders. Role in diagnosis and management, Am J Gastroenterol 98:1052–1057, 2003.
  286. Prato AP, Musso M, Ceccherini I, et al: Hirschsprung disease and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), Medicine (Baltimore) 88:83–90, 2009.
  287. Walker WA, Goulet O, Kleinman R: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease, ed 4, Hamilton, Ontario, 2004, BC Decker.
  288. Hutson J, McNamara J, Shin Y: Review article: slow transit constipation in children, J Paediatr Child Health 37:426–430, 2001.
  289. Kapur R: Neuropathology of paediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and related animal models, J Pathol 194:277–288, 2001.
  290. Montedonico S, Acevedo S, Fadda B: Clinical aspects of intestinal neuronal dysplasia, J Pediatr Surg 37(12):1772–1774, 2002.
  291. Neuronal Intestinal Dysplasia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database. https://www.omim.org/entry/601223?search=intestinal%20neuronal%20dysplasia&highlight=neuronic%20dysplasia%20intestinal%20neuronal%20dysplastic. (Accessed 11 April 2017).
  292. Walker WA, Goulet O, Kleinman R, et al, editors: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease, ed 4, Hamilton, Ontario, 2004, BC Decker.
  293. Biank V, Werlin S: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children: a 20-year experi­ence, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42:522–525, 2006.
  294. Merrett ND, Wilson RB, Cosman P: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: diagnosis and treatment strategies, J Gastrointest Surg 13:287–292, 2009.
  295. Welsch T, B?chler MW, Kienle P: Recalling superior mesenteric artery syndrome, Dig Surg 24(3):149–156, 2007. [Epub 2007 Apr 27
  296. Vather R., Bissett I.: Management of prolonged post-operative ileus: evidence-based recommendations, ANZ J Surg 83:319–324, 2013.
  297. Grant HW, Parker MC, Wilson MS, et al: Adhesions after abdominal surgery in children, J Pediatr Surg 43:152–156, 2008
  298. Bajaj L, Roback MG: Post-reduction management of intussusception in a children’s hospital emergency department, Pediatrics 112:1302–1307, 2003
  299. Bines JE, Kohl KS, Forster J: Acute intussusception in infants and children as an adverse event following immunizations: case definition and guidelines of data collection, analysis, and presentation, Vaccine 22:569–574, 2004
  300. Bines JE, Liem NT, Justice FA, et al: Risk factors for intussusception in infants in Vietnam and Australia: adenovirus implicated, but not rotavirus, J Pediatr 149:452–460, 2006
  301. Bonnard A, Demarche M, Dimitriu C, et al: Indications for laparoscopy in the manage­ment of intussusception. A multicenter retrospective study conducted by the French study group for pediatric laparoscopy (GECI), J Pediatr Surg 43:1249–1253, 2008
  302. Buettcher M, Baer G, Bonhoeffer J, et al: Three-year surveillance of intussusception in children in Switzerland, Pediatrics 120:473–480, 2007
  303. Burke MS, Ragi JM, Karamanoukian HL, et al: New strategies in nonoperative management of meconium ileus, J Pediatr Surg 37:760–764, 2002
  304. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Postmarketing monitoring of intus­susception after Rota Teg vaccination—United States, February 1, 2006–February 15, 2007, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:218–222, 2007
  305. Crystal P, Hertzanu Y, Farber B, et al: Sonographically guided hydrostatic reduction of intussusception in children, J Clin Ultrasound 30:343–348, 2002
  306. Fischer TK, Bihrmann K, Perch M, et al: Intussusception in early childhood: a cohort study of 1.7 million children, Pediatrics 114:782–785, 2004
  307. Greenberg D, Givon-Lavi N, Newman N, et al: Intussusception in children in southern Israel: disparity between 2 populations, Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:236–240, 2008
  308. Haber P, Patel M, Pan Y, et al: Intussusception after rotavirus vaccines reported to US VAERS, 2006–2012, Pediatrics 131:1042–1049, 2013
  309. Henrikson S, Blane CE, Koujok K, et al: The effect of screening sonography on the positive rate of enemas for intussusception, Pediatr Radiol 33:190–193, 2003
  310. Henry MCW, Brever CK, Tashjian DB, et al: The appendix sign: a radiographic marker for irreducible intussusception, J Pediatr Surg 41:487–489, 2006
  311. Hughes UM, Connolly BL, Chait PG, Muraca S. Further report of small-bowel intus­susceptions related to gastrojejunostomy tubes. Pediatr Radiol. 30(9):614-617, 2000
  312. Hui GC, Gerstle JT, Weinstein M, Connolly B. Small-bowel intussusception around a gastrojejunostomy tube resulting in ischemic necrosis of the intestine. Pediatr Radiol. 34(11):916-918, 2004
  313. Koumanidou C, Vakaki M, Pitsoulakis G, et al: Sonographic detection of lymph nodes in the intussusception of infants and young children: clinical evaluation and hydrostatic reduction, AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:445–450, 2002
  314. Krishna S, Prabhu R, Thangavelu S, Shenoy R. Jejuno-jejunal intussusception: an unusual complication of feeding jejunostomy. BMJ Case Rep 27:1-3, 2013
  315. Reilly NR, Aguilar KM, Green PH: Should intussusception in children prompt screening for celiac disease? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56(1):56–59, 2013
  316. Shaw D, Huddleston S, Beilman G. Anterograde intussusception following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a case report and review of the literature. Obes Surg. 20(8):1191-1194, 2010
  317. Sorantin E, Lindbichler F: Management of intussusception, Eur Radiol 14:146–154, 2004
  318. Stolz LA, Kizza H, Little K, et al: Intussusception detected with ultrasound in a resource-limited setting, Lancet 381:2054, 2013
  319. Williams H: Imaging and intussusception, Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 93:30–36, 2008
  320. Hongo N, Mori H, Matsumoto S, et al: Internal hernias after abdominal surgeries: MDCT features, Abdom Imaging 36:349–362, 2011
  321. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee: Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions, Gastrointest Endosc 73:1085–1091, 2011.
  322. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Injuries from batteries among children aged <13 years—United States, 1995–2010, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61:661–666, 2012.
  323. Cerri RW, Liacouras CA: Evaluation and management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract, Pediatr Case Rev 3:150–156, 2003.
  324. Denney W, Ahmad N, Dillard B, et al: Children will eat the strangest things, a 10-year retrospective analysis of foreign body and caustic ingestions from a single academic center, Pediatr Emerg Care 28(8):731–734, 2012.
  325. Dutta S, Barzin A: Multiple magnet ingestion as a source of severe gastrointestinal complications requiring surgical intervention, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162:123–125, 2008.
  326. Green SS: Ingested and aspirated foreign bodies, Pediatr Rev 36(10):430–437, 2015.
  327. Hussain SZ, Bousvaros A, Gilger M, et al: Management of ingested magnets in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55(3):239–242, 2012.
  328. Karjoo M, Kader H: A novel technique for closing and removing an open safety pin from the stomach, Gastrointest Endosc 57:627–629, 2003.
  329. Litovitz T, Whitaker N, Marsolek M, et al: Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implications, Pediatrics 125:1168, 2010.
  330. Mallon PT, White JS, Thompson RL: Systemic absorption of lithium following ingestion of a lithium button battery, Hum Exp Toxicol 23:193–195, 2004.
  331. Naji H, Isacson D, Svensson JF, et al: Bowel injuries caused by ingestion of multiple magnets in children: a growing hazard, Pediatr Surg Int 28(4):367–374, 2012.
  332. Puig S, Scharitzer M, Cengiz K, et al: Effects of gastric acid on euro coins: chemical reaction and radiographic appearance after ingestion by infants and children, Emerg Med J 21:553–556, 2004.
  333. Schalamon J, Haxhija EQ, Ainoedhofer H, et al: The use of a hand-held metal detector for localisation of ingested metallic foreign bodies—a critical investigation, Eur J Pediatr 163:257–259, 2004.
  334. VanArsdale JL, Leiker RD, Kohn M, et al: Lead poisoning from a toy necklace, Pediatrics 114:1096–1099, 2004.
  335. Zamora IJ, Vu LT, Larimer EL, et al: Water-absorbing balls: a “growing” problem, Pediatrics 130:e1011–e1014, 2012.
  336. Fallon S, Slater B, Lopez M, et al: The surgical management of rapunzel syndrome: a case series and a literature review, J Pediatr Surg 48(2):830–834, 2013.
  337. Kaneko H, Tomomasa T, Kubota Y, et al: Pharmacobezoar complicating treatment with sodium alginate, J Gastroenterol 39:69–71, 2004.
  338. Ladas SD, Kamberoglou D, Karamanolis G, et al: Systemic review: Coca-cola can effectively dissolve gastric phytobezoars as a first-line treatment, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37:169–173, 2013.
  339. Lynch KA, Feola PG, Guenther E: Gastric trichobezoar: an important cause of abdominal pain presenting to the pediatric emergency department, Pediatr Emerg Care 19(5):343–347, 2003.
  340. Palanivelu C, Rangarajan M, Senthilkumar R, et al: Trichobezoars in the stomach and ileum and their laparoscopy-assisted removal: a bizarre case, Singapore Med J 48(2):e37–e39, 2007.
  341. Purcell L, Gremse DA: Sunflower seed bezoar leading to fecal impaction, South Med J 88:87–88, 1995.
  342. Attard TM, Miller M, Pant C, Thomson M: Readmission after gastrointestinal bleeding in children: a retrospective cohort, J Pediatr 184:106–113, 2017.
  343. Braden B: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, BMJ 344:44–46, 2012.
  344. Calvet X, Lario S, Ramierez-Lazaro M, et al: Comparative accuracy of 3 monoclonal stool tests for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with dyspepsia, Clin Infect Dis 50:323–328, 2010.
  345. Chan FKL: Proton-pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer disease, Lancet 372:1198–1200, 2008.
  346. Cheung KS, Chan EW, Wong AYS, et al: Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study, Gut 67:28–35, 2018.
  347. Czinn SJ: Helicobacter pylori infection: detection, investigation, and management, J Pediatr 146:S21–S26, 2005.
  348. Federico A, Nardone G, Gravina AG, et al: Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, Gastroenterology 143:55–61, 2012.
  349. Gatta L, Vakil N, Leandro G, et al: Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children, Am J Gastroenterol 104:3069–3079, 2009.
  350. Goncalves C, Oliveria ME, Palha AM, et al: Autoimmune gastritis presenting as iron deficiency anemia in childhood, World J Gastroenterol 20(42):15780–15786, 2014.
  351. Gralnek IM, Barkun AN, Bardou M: Management of acute bleeding from a peptic ulcer, N Engl J Med 359:928–936, 2008.
  352. Greenberg ER: Defining the role of sequential therapy for H. pylori infection, Lancet 381:180–182, 2012.
  353. Jafri NS, Hornung CA, Howden CW: Meta-analysis: sequential therapy appears superior to standard therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in patients na?ve to treatment, Ann Intern Med 148:923–931, 2008.
  354. Jones NL, Koletzko S, Goodman K, et al: Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64(6):991–1003, 2017.
  355. Keser AG, Teksam O, Gulson HH, et al: Risk factors associated with clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding in pediatric ED, Am J Emerg Med 36(4):665–668, 2018.
  356. Laine L: Blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding, N Engl J Med 368:75–76, 2013.
  357. Lanas A, Chan FKL: Peptic ulcer disease, Lancet 390:613–624, 2017.
  358. Lau JY, Leung WK, Wu JC, et al: Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, N Engl J Med 356(16):2007, 1631.
  359. Lau JYW, Barkun A, Fan D, et al: Challenges in the management of acute peptic ulcer bleeding, Lancet 381:2033–2042, 2013.
  360. Gibril F, Jensen RT: Zollinger-ellison syndrome revisited: diagnosis, biologic markers, associated inherited disorders, and acid hypersecretion, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 6:454–463, 2004.
  361. AGA Institute Medical Position Panel: AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology 138:738–745, 2010.
  362. Agarwal S, Mayer L: Primary immunodeficiency: heeding suspicious gastrointestinal symptoms: diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with primary immunodeficiency, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1050–1063, 2013.
  363. Alfadda AA, Storr MA, Shaffer EA: Eosinophilic colitis: an update on pathophysiology and treatment, Br Med Bull 100:59–72, 2011.
  364. Ananthakrishnan AN, Xavier RJ: How does genotype influence disease phenotype in inflammatory bowel disease?, Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:2021–2030, 2013.
  365. Anderson CA, Boucher G, Lees CW, et al: Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47, Nat Genet 43:246–252, 2011.
  366. Beaugerie L, Itzkowitz SH: Cancers complicating inflammatory bowel disease, N Engl J Med 372(15):1441–1452, 2015.
  367. Blaydon DC, Biancheri P, Di WL, et al: Inflammatory skin and bowel disease linked to ADAM17 deletion, N Engl J Med 365:1502–1508, 2013.
  368. Cannioto Z, Berti I, Martelossi S, et al: IBD and IBD mimicking enterocolitis in children younger than 2 years of age, Eur J Pediatr 168:149–155, 2009.
  369. Cleynen I, Boucher G, Jostins L, et al: Inherited determinants of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes: a genetic association study, Lancet 387:156–167, 2016.
  370. DiLauro S, Crum-Cianflone NF: Ileitis: when it is not Crohn’s disease, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 12:249–258, 2010.
  371. Dykes DMH, Saeed SA: Imaging for inflammatory bowel disease: the new “sounding board, J Pediatr 163:625–626, 2013.
  372. El-Chammas K, Majeskie A, Simpson P, et al: Red flags in children with chronic abdominal pain and Crohn’s disease—a single center experience, J Pediatr 162: 783–787, 2013.
  373. Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Hanauer SB: Ulcerative colitis, BMJ 346:29–34, 2013.
  374. Gionchetti P, Rizello F, Helwig U, et al: Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Gastroenterology 124:1202–1209, 2003.
  375. Huang JS, Noack D, Rae J, et al: Chronic granulomatous disease caused by a deficiency in p47phox mimicking Crohn’s disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:690–695, 2004.
  376. Hyams JS, Lerer T, Mack D: Outcome following thiopurine use in children with ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter registry study, Am J Gastroenterol 106:981–987, 2011.
  377. Jose FA, Heyman MB: Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 46:124–133, 2008.
  378. Kelsen JR, Baldassano RN: The role of monogenic disease in children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 29:566–571, 2017.
  379. Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J, et al: Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine, Gut 53:1617–1623, 2004.
  380. Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, et al: Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in wisconsin: a statewide population-based study, J Pediatr 143:525–531, 2003.
  381. Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al: Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomized controlled trial, Lancet 380:1909–1914, 2012.
  382. Laharie D: Towards therapeutic choices in ulcerative colitis, Lancet 390:98–99, 2017.
  383. Lazzerini M, Bramuzzo M, Maschio M, et al: Thromboembolism in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review, Inflamm Bowel Dis 10:2174–2183, 2011.
  384. Leggieri N, Marques-Vidal P, Cerwenka H, et al: Migrated foreign body liver abscess, Medicine (Baltimore) 89(2):85–95, 2010.
  385. Levesque BG, Sandborn WJ: Infliximab versus ciclosporin in severe ulcerative colitis, Lancet 380:1887–1888, 2012.
  386. Maggi U, Rossi G, Avesani EC, et al: Thrombotic storm in a teenager with previously undiagnosed ulcerative colitis, Pediatrics 131:e1288–e1291, 2013.
  387. Malaty HM, Fan X, Opekun AR, et al: Rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among children: a 12-year study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50(1):27–31, 2010.
  388. Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN, editors: Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, ed 2, 2013, Springer Science of Business Media.
  389. Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Cohen LJ, et al: Infliximab in pediatric ulcerative colitis: two-year follow-up, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 38:298–301, 2004.
  390. Moayyedi P, Surette MG, Kim PT, et al: Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial, Gastroenterology 149:102–109, 2015.
  391. Negron ME, Rezaie A, Barkema HW, et al: Ulcerative colitis patients with clostridium difficile are at increased risk of death, colectomy, and postoperative complications: a population-based inception cohort study, Am J Gastroenterol 111:691–704, 2016.
  392. Ordos I, Eckmann L, Talamini M, et al: Ulcerative colitis, Lancet 380:1606–1616, 2012.
  393. Paramsothy S, Kamm MA, Kaakoush NO, et al: Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Lancet 389:1218–1228, 2017.
  394. Quail MA, Russell RK, Van Limbergen JE, et al: Fecal calprotectin complements routine laboratory investigations in diagnosing childhood inflammatory bowel disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis 15:756–759, 2009.
  395. Quiros AB, Sanz EA, Ordiz DB, et al: From autoimmune enteropathy to the IPEX (immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome, Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 27:208–215, 2009.
  396. Ricart E.: Current status of mesenchymal stem cell therapy and bone marrow transplantation in IBD, Dig Dis 30:387–391, 2012.
  397. Romano C, Famiani A, Gallizzi R, et al: Indeterminate colitis: a distinctive clinical pattern of inflammatory bowel disease in children, Pediatrics 122:e1278–e1281, 2008.
  398. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al: Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis, N Engl J Med 353:2462–2476, 2005.
  399. Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J, et al: Tofacitinib, an oral janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis, N Engl J Med 367:616–624, 2012.
  400. Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al: Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis, N Eng J Med 376(18):1723–1736, 2017.
  401. Schwiertz A, Jacobi M, Frick JS, et al: Microbiota in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, J Pediatr 157:240–244, 2010.
  402. The Medical Letter: Budesonide (Uceris) for ulcerative colitis, Med Lett 55:23, 2013.
  403. The Medical Letter: Budesonide rectal foam (Uceris) for ulcerative colitis, Med Lett 57(1481):154, 2015.
  404. The Medical Letter: Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, Med Lett 56:59–66, 2014.
  405. The Medical Letter: Ustekinumab (stelara) for Crohn’s disease, Med Lett 59(1511):5–6, 2017.
  406. Timmer A, Obermeier F: Reduced risk of ulcerative colitis after appendectomy, BMJ 338:781–782, 2009.
  407. Torres J, Mehandru S, Columbel J, Peyrin-Biroulet F: Crohn’s disease, Lancet 389:741–755, 2017.
  408. Turner D, Levine A, Kolho KL, et al: Combination of oral antibiotics may be effective in severe pediatric ulcerative colitis: a preliminary report, J Crohns Colitis 8(11):1464–1470, 2012.
  409. Turner D, Travis SP, Griffiths AM, et al: Consensus for managing acute severe ulcerative colitis in children: a systematic review and joint statement from ECCO, ESPGHAN, and the porto IBD working group of espghan, Am J Gastroenterol 106:574–588, 2011.
  410. Uhlig HH, Schwerd T, Koletzko S, et al: The diagnostic approach to monogenic very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology 147:990–1007, 2014.
  411. Uhlig HH: Monogenic diseases associated with intestinal inflammation: implications for the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, Gut 62:1795–1805, 2013.
  412. Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, et al: Ulcerative colitis, Lancet 389:1756–1770, 2017.
  413. Van de Vijver E, Schreuder AB, Cnossen WR, et al: Safely ruling out inflammatory bowel disease in children and teenagers without referral from endoscopy, Arch Dis Child 97:1014–1018, 2012.
  414. Vermeire S, Sandborn WJ, Danese S, et al: Anti-MAdCAM antibody (PF-00547659) for ulcerative colitis (TURANDOT): a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet 390:135–144, 2017.
  415. Yang LS, Alex G, Catto-Smith AG: The use of biologic agents in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 24:609–614, 2012.
  416. Yen EF, Pardi DS: Non-IBD colitides (eosinophilic, microscopic), Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26:611–622, 2012.
  417. Absah I, Stephens M: Adjunctive treatment to antitumor necrosis factor in pediatric patients with refractory Crohn’s disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 25:624–628, 2013.
  418. Ananthakrishnan AN: Filgotinib for Crohn’s disease — expanding treatment options, Lancet 389:228–229, 2017.
  419. Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Sampietro GM, et al: Azathioprine and mesalamine for prevention of relapse after conservative surgery for crohn disease, Gastroenterology 127:730–740, 2004.
  420. Ashton JJ, Ennis S, Beattie RM: Early-onset paediatric inflammatory bowel disease, Lancet 1:147–158, 2017.
  421. Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DI, et al: Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn’s disease, Nat Genet 40:955–962, 2008.
  422. Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ: Crohn’s disease, Lancet 380:1590–1602, 2012.
  423. Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al: Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study, Lancet 374:1617–1624, 2009.
  424. Biancheri P, Di Sabatino A, Rovedatti L, et al: Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade on mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 in Crohn’s disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis 19(2):259–264, 2013.
  425. Borelli O, Cordischi L, Cirulli M, et al: Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:744–753, 2006.
  426. Catalano OA, Gee MS, Nicolai E, et al: Evaluation of quantitative PET/MR enterography biomarkers for discrimination of inflammatory strictures from fibrotic strictures in crohn disease, Radiology 278(3):792–800, 2016.
  427. Cheifetz AS: Management of active crohn disease, JAMA 309:2150–2158, 2013.
  428. Ciccocioppo R, Corazza GR: Mesenchymal stem cells for fistulizing Crohn’s disease, Lancet 388:1251–1252, 2016.
  429. Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, et al: Effect of tight control management on Crohn’s disease (CALM): a multicenter, randomized, controlled phase 3 trial, Lancet 390:27792788, 2017.
  430. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al: Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 362(15):1383–1394, 2010.
  431. D’Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, et al: Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease: an open randomized trial, Lancet 371:660–667, 2008.
  432. De Felice KM, Katzka DA, Raffals LE: Crohn’s disease of the esophagus: clinical features and treatment outcomes in the biologic era, Inflamm Bowel Dis 21(9):2106–2113, 2–15, 2005.
  433. DeBoer MD, Denson LA: Delays in puberty, growth, and accrual of bone mineral density in pediatric Crohn’s disease: despite temporal changes in disease severity, the need for monitoring remains, J Pediatr 163:17–22, 2013.
  434. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, D’Haens G, et al: Induction therapy with the selective interleukin-23-inhibitor risankizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study, Lancet 389:1699–1708, 2017.
  435. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, et al: Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 375(20):1946–1960, 2016.
  436. Gentile NM, Murray JA, Pardi DS: Autoimmune enteropathy: a review and update of clinical management, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 14:380–385, 2012.
  437. Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR: Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study, Lancet 375:657–662, 2010.
  438. Gupta K, Noble A, Kachelries KE, et al: A novel enteral nutrition protocol for the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:1374–1378, 2013.
  439. Hanauer SB: Targeting interleukin 23 for Crohn’s disease: finding the right drug for the right patient, Lancet 389:1671–1672, 2017.
  440. Hyams J, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, et al: Safety and efficacy of adalimumab for moderate to severe Crohn’s disease in children, Gastroenterology 143:365–374, 2012.
  441. Kabi A, Nickerson KP, Homer CR, et al: Digesting the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: insights from studies of autophagy risk genes, Inflamm Bowel Dis 18:782–792, 2012.
  442. Kanneganti TD: Inflammatory bowel disease and the NLRP3 inflammasome, N Engl J Med 377(7):694–696, 2017.
  443. Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al: The prevalence of geographic distribution of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:1424–1429, 2007.
  444. Khanna R, Bressler B, Levesque BG, et al: Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn’s disease (REACT): a cluster randomized controlled trial, Lancet 386:1825–1834, 2015.
  445. Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Walters TW, et al: Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicenter inception cohort study, Lancet 389:1710–1718, 2017.
  446. Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, et al: Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in wisconsin: a statewide population-based study, J Pediatr 143:525–531, 2003.
  447. Laakso S, Valta H, Verkasalo M, et al: Impaired bone health in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study in 80 pediatric patients, Calcif Tissue Int 91(2):121–130, 2012.
  448. Lazzerini M, Martelossi S, Magazzu G, et al: Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory crohn disease—a randomized clinical trial, JAMA 310(20):2164–2173, 2013.
  449. Monteleone G, Neurath MF, Ardizzone S, et al: Mongersen, an oral SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide, and Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 372(12):1104–1113, 2015.
  450. Oliva-Hemker M, Huftless S, Al Kazzi ES, et al: Clinical presentation and five-year therapeutic management of very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease in a large north American cohort, J Pediatr 167:527–532, 2015.
  451. Pellino G, Nicolai E, Catalano OA, et al: PET/MR versus PET/CT imaging: impact on the clinical management of small-bowel Crohn’s disease, J Crohn Colitis 10(3):277–285, 2017.
  452. Qiu Y, Li MY, Feng T, et al: Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for Crohn’s disease, Sten Cell Res Ther 8:136, 2017.
  453. Riguero M, Schraut W, Baidoo L, et al: Infliximab prevents Crohn’s disease recurrence after ileal resection, Gastroenterology 136:441–450, 2009.
  454. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al: Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 369(8):711–721, 2013.
  455. Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Gao LL, et al: Ustekinumab induction and maintenance therapy in refractory Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 367:1519–1528, 2012.
  456. Sands BE, Anderson FH, Bernstein CN, et al: Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease, N Engl J Med 350:876–885, 2004.
  457. Sands BE, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al: Effects of vedolizumab induction therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease in whom tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment failed, Gastroenterology 147(3):618–627, 2014.
  458. Seemann NM, Elkadri A, Walters TD, Langer JC: The role of surgery for children with perianal Crohn’s disease, J Pediatr Surg 50:140–143, 2015.
  459. Sentongo TA, Semeao EJ, Piccoli DA, et al: Growth, body composition, and nutritional status in children and adolescents with Crohn’s disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 31:33–40, 2002.
  460. Singer AAM, Gadepalli SK, Eder SJ, Adler J: Fistulizing Crohn’s disease presenting after surgery on a perianal lesion, Pediatrics 137(3):e20152878, 2016.
  461. Sinha R, Nwokolo C, Murphy PD: Magnetic resonance imaging in Crohn’s disease, BMJ 336:273–276, 2008.
  462. Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L: Crohn’s disease, Lancet 389:1741–1754, 2017.
  463. Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, et al: Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in pediatric Crohn’s disease, Am J Gastroenterol 102:2804–2812, 2007.
  464. Uhlig HH: Monogenic diseases associated with intestinal inflammation: implications for the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, Gut 62:1795–1805, 2013.
  465. Vermeire S, Schreiber S, Petryka R, et al: Clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease treated with filgotinib (the FITZROY study): results from a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet 389:266–274, 2017.
  466. Walters TD, Kim MO, Denson LA, et al: Increased effectiveness of early therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha vs an immunomodulator in children with Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology 146(2):383–391, 2014.
  467. Zimmermann EM, Al-Hawary MM: MRI of the small bowel in patients with Crohn’s disease, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 27:132–138, 2011.
  468. Agarwal S, Mayer L: Primary immunodeficiency: heeding suspicious gastrointestinal symptoms: diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with primary immunodeficiency, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1050–1063, 2013.
  469. Aloi M, Lionetti P, Barabino A, et al: Phenotype and disease course of early-onset pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis 20(4):597–605, 2014.
  470. Benchimol EI, Mack DR, Nguyen GC, et al: Incidence, outcomes, and health services burden of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology 147(4):803–813, 2014.
  471. Bianco AM, Girardelli M, Tommasini A: Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms, World J Gastroenterol 21(43):12296–12310, 2015.
  472. Blaydon DC, Biancheri P, Di WL, et al: Inflammatory skin and bowel disease linked to ADAM17 deletion, N Engl J Med 365:1502–1508, 2013.
  473. Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Gold BD, et al: Children with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): analysis of a pediatric IBD consortium registry, J Pediatr 146(1):35–40, 2005.
  474. Kelsen JR, Baldassano RN, Artis D, et al: Maintaining intestinal health: the genetics and immunology of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 1(5):462–476, 2015.
  475. Kelsen JR, Dawany N, Martinez A, et al: A de novo whole gene deletion of XIAP detected by exome sequencing analysis in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a case report, BMC Gastroenterol 15(160):015–0394-z, 2015.
  476. Kelsen JR, Dawany N, Moran CJ, et al: Exome sequencing analysis reveals variants in primary immunodeficiency genes in patients with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology 149(6):1415–1424, 2015.
  477. Malaty HM, Fan X, Opekun AR, et al: Rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among children: a 12-year study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50(1):27–31, 2010.
  478. Quiros AB, Sanz EA, Ordiz DB, et al: From autoimmune enteropathy to the IPEX (immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) syndrome, Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 27:208–215, 2009.
  479. Ricart E: Current status of mesenchymal stem cell therapy and bone marrow transplantation in IBD, Dig Dis 30:387–391, 2012.
  480. Snapper SB: Very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 11(8):554–556, 2015.
  481. Uhlig HH, Schwerd T, Koletzko S, et al: The diagnostic approach to monogenic very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterology 147(5):990–1007.e3, 2014.
  482. Ngo P, Furuta G, Burks W: The pathobiology of eosinophilic gastroenteritis of childhood: is it really the eosinophil, allergic mediated, or something else? Curr Gastroenterol Rep 6:436–440, 2004.
  483. Reed C, Woosley JT, Dellon ES: Clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and resource utilization in children and adults with eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Dig Liver Dis 47(3):197–201, 2015.
  484. Saeed SA, Integlia MJ, Pleskow RG, et al: Tacrolimus-associated eosinophilic gastro­enterocolitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: role of potential food allergies in pathogenesis, Pediatr Transplant 10:730–735, 2006.
  485. Samiullah S, Bhurgri H, Sohali U: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: approach to diagnosis and management, World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 43(3):495–504, 2016.
  486. Uppal V, Krieger P, Kutsch E: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis and colitis: a comprehensive review, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 50:175–188, 2016.
  487. Canani RB, Castaldo G, Bacchetta R, et al: Congenital diarrhoeal disorders: advances in this evolving web of inherited enteropathies, Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:293–302, 2015.
  488. Germ?n-D?az M, Rodriguez-Gil Y, Cruz-Rojo J, et al: A new case of congenital malabsorptive diarrhea and diabetes secondary to mutant neurogenin-3, Pediatrics 140(2):e20162210, 2017.
  489. Kurolap A, Eshach-Adiv O, Baris HN, et al: Loss of CDSS in eculizumab-responsive protein-losing enteropathy, N Engl J Med 377(1):87–90, 2017.
  490. Martin MG, Lindberg I, Solorzano-vargas S, et al: Congenital proprotein convertase 12 deficiency causes malabsorptive diarrhea and other endocrinopathies in a pediatric cohort, Gastroenterology 145:138–148, 2013.
  491. Overeem AW, Posovszky C, Rings EHMM, et al: The role of enterocyte defects in the pathogenesis of congenital diarrheal disorders, Dis Models Mechanisms 9:1–12, 2016.
  492. Ozen A, Comrie WA, Ardy RC, et al: CD55 deficiency, early-onset protein-losing enteropathy, and thrombosis, N Engl J Med 377(1):52–61, 2017.
  493. Stephen J, Vilboux T, Haberman Y, et al: Congenital protein losing enteropathy: an inborn error of lipid metabolism due to DGAT1 mutations, Eur J Hum Genetics 1–6, 2016.
  494. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al: Screening for celiac disease: US preventive services task force recommendation statement, JAMA 317(12):1252–1257, 2017.
  495. Butwicka A, Lichtenstein P, Fris?n L, et al: Celiac disease is associated with childhood psychiatric disorders: a population-based study, J Pediatr 184:87–93, 2017.
  496. Francavilla R, Cristofori F, Verzillo L, et al: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial for the diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity in children, Am J Gastroenterol 113:421–430, 2018.
  497. Guandalini S, Polanco I: Nonceliac gluten sensitivity or wheat intolerance syndrome?, J Pediatr 166(4):805–811, 2015.
  498. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szab? IR, et al: European society for pediatric gastroenterology, Hepatology and nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of celiac disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54:136–160, 2012.
  499. Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, et al: Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity, Psychiatr Q 83:91–102, 2012.
  500. Kivel? L, Kaukinen K, Huhtala H, et al: At-risk screened children with celiac disease are comparable in disease severity and dietary adherence to those found because of clinical suspicion: a large cohort study, J Pediatr 183:115–121, 2017.
  501. Kurppa K, Laitinen A, Agardh D: Coeliac disease in children with type 1 diabetes, Lancet Child Adolesc 2:133–142, 2018.
  502. Lebwohl B, Green PHR: Antitissue transglutaminase IgA for celiac disease testing, JAMA 315(1):81–82, 2016.
  503. Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PHR: Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, BMJ 351:h4347, 2015.
  504. Lebwohl B, Sanders DS, Green PHR: Coeliac disease, Lancet 391:70–80, 2018.
  505. Leffler DA, Green PHR, Fasano A: Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:561–571, 2015.
  506. Leonard MM, Sapone A, Catassi C, Fasano A: Celiac disease and nonceliac gluten sensitivity, JAMA 318(7):647–656, 2017.
  507. Lionetti E, Gatti S, Galeazzi T, et al: Safety of oats in children with celiac disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, J Pediatr 194:116–122, 2018.
  508. Pinto-S?nchez MI, Verdu EF, Liu E, et al: Gluten introduction to infant feeding and risk of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Pediatr 168:132–143, 2016.
  509. Reilly NR: The gluten-free diet: recognizing fact, fiction and fad, J Padiatr 175:206–210, 2016.
  510. Smith LB, Lynch KF, Kurppa K, et al: Psychological manifestations of celiac disease autoimmunity in young children, Pediatrics 139(3):e20162848, 2017.
  511. Snyder J, Decker Butzner J, DeFelice AR, et al: Evidence-informed expert recommenda­tions for the management of celiac disease in children, Pediatrics 138(3):e20153147, 2016.
  512. Szajewska H, Shamir R, Mearin ML, et al: Gluten introduction and the risk of celiac disease: a position paper by the European society for pediatric gastroenterology, Hepatology and nutrition, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 62:507–513, 2016.
  513. Vici G, Belli L, Massimiliano M, Polzonetti V: Gluten free diet and nutrient deficiencies: a review, Clin Nutr 35(6):1236–1241, 2016.
  514. Abumrad NA, Davidson NO: Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis, Physiol Rev 92:1061–1085, 2012.
  515. Akram S, Murray JA, Pardi DS, et al: Adult autoimmune enteropathy: mayo clinic Rochester experience, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:1282–1290, 2007.
  516. Burton BK, Balwani M, Feillet F, et al: A phase 3 trial of sebelipase alfa in lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, N Engl J Med 373:1010–1020, 2015.
  517. Canani RB, Terrin G, Cardillo G, et al: Congenital diarrheal disorders: improved understanding of gene defects leading to advances in intestinal physiology and management, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50:360–366, 2010.
  518. D’Antiga L, Goulet O: Intestinal failure in children: the European view, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56:118–126, 2013.
  519. Du A, McCracken KW, Walp ER, et al: Arx is required for normal enteroendocrine cell development in mice and humans, Dev Biol 365:175–188, 2012.
  520. Fabre A, Breton A, Coste ME, et al: Syndromic (phenotypic) diarrhoea of infancy/tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome, Arch Dis Child 99:35–38, 2014.
  521. Fabre A, Charroux B, Martinez-Vinson C, et al: SKIV2L mutations cause syndromic diarrhea, or trichohepatoenteric syndrome, Am J Hum Genet 90:689–692, 2012.
  522. Fabre A, Martinez-Vinson C, Goulet O, et al: Syndromic diarrhea/tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome, Orphanet J Rare Dis 8:5, 2013.
  523. Fabre A, Martinez-Vinson C, Roquelaure B, et al: Novel mutations in TTC37 associated with tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome, Hum Mutat 32:277–281, 2011.
  524. Farooqi IS, Volders K, Stanhope R, et al: Hyperphagia and early-onset obesity due to a novel homozygous missense mutation in prohormone convertase 1/3, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3369–3373, 2007.
  525. Gentile NM, Murray JA, Pardo DS: Autoimmune enteropathy: a review and update of clinical management, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 14:380–385, 2012.
  526. Golachowska MR, van Dael CML, Keuning H, et al: MYO5B mutations in patients with microvillus inclusion disease presenting with transient renal fanconi syndrome, JPGN 54:491–498, 2012.
  527. Gonzales E, Taylor SA, Davit-Spraul A, et al: MYO5B mutations cause cholestasis with normal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in children without microvillous inclusion disease, Hepatology 65:164–173, 2017.
  528. Gortani G, Maschio M, Ventura A: A child with edema, lower limb deformity, and recurrent diarrhea, J Pediatr 161:1177, 2012.
  529. Goulet O, Salomon J, Ruemmele F, et al: Intestinal epithelial dysplasia (tufting enteropathy), Orphanet J Rare Dis 2:20, 2007.
  530. Goulet O, Vinson C, Roquelaure B, et al: Syndromic (phenotypic) diarrhea in early infancy, Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:6, 2008.
  531. Haas JT, Winter HS, Lim E, et al: DGAT1 mutation is linked to a congenital diarrheal disorder, J Clin Invest 122:4680–4684, 2012.
  532. Halac U, Lacaille F, Joly F, et al: Microvillous inclusion disease: how to improve the prognosis of a severe congenital enterocyte disorder, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:460–465, 2011.
  533. Hartley JL, Zachos NC, Dawood B, et al: Mutations in TTC37 cause trichohepatoenteric syndrome (phenotypic diarrhea of infancy), Gastroenterology 138:2388–2398, 2010.
  534. Hokari R, Kitagawa N, Watanabe C, et al: Changes in regulatory molecules for lymphangiogenesis in intestinal lymphangiectasia with enteric protein loss, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:88–95, 2008.
  535. Kisand K, Peterson P: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy, J Clin Immunol 35:463–478, 2015.
  536. Kurolap A, Eshach-Adiv O, Hershkovitz T, et al: Loss of CD55 in eculizumab-responsive protein-losing enteropathy, N Engl J Med 377:87–89, 2017.
  537. Mart?n MG, Lindberg I, Solorzano-Vargas RS, et al: Congenital proprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency causes malabsorptive diarrhea and other endocrinopathies in a pediatric cohort, Gastroenterology 145:138–148, 2013.
  538. Moes N, Rieux-Laucat F, Begue B, et al: Reduced expression of FOXP3 and regulatory T-cell function in severe forms of early-onset autoimmune enteropathy, Gastroenterol­ogy 139:770–778, 2010.
  539. Montalto M, D’Onofrio F, Santoro L, et al: Autoimmune enteropathy in children and adults, Scand J Gastroenterol 44:1029–1036, 2009.
  540. Moller T, Hess MW, Schiefermeier N, et al: MYO5B mutations cause microvillus inclusion disease and disrupt epithelial cell polarity, Nat Genet 40:1163–1165, 2008.
  541. Ozeki M, Hori T, Kanda K, et al: Everolimus for primary intestinal lymphangiectasia with Protein-losing enteropathy, Pediatrics 137(3):e20152562, 2016.
  542. Pagel J, Beutel K, Lehmberg K, et al: Distinct mutations in STXBP2 are associated with variable clinical presentations in patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 (FHL5), Blood 119:6016–6024, 2012.
  543. Patey-Mariaud de Serre N, Canioni D, Ganousse S, et al: Digestive histopathological presentation of IPEX syndrome, Mod Pathol 22:95–102, 2009.
  544. Rabah F, Al-Hashmi N, Beshlawi I: Wolman’s disease with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Pediatr Hematol Oncol 31:576–578, 2014.
  545. Roche O, Putterman M, Salomon J, et al: Superficial punctate keratitis and conjunc­tival erosions associated with congenital tufting enteropathy, Am J Ophthalmol 150:116–121, 2010.
  546. Ruemmele FM, Moes N, de Serre NP, et al: Clinical and molecular aspects of auto­immune enteropathy and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy autoimmune enteropathy X-linked syndrome, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24:742–748, 2008.
  547. Ruemmele FM, Schmitz J, Goulet O: Microvillous inclusion disease (microvillous atrophy), Orphanet J Rare Dis 26:22, 2006.
  548. Salomon J, Espinosa-Parrilla Y, Goulet O, et al: A founder effect at the EPCAM locus in congenital tufting enteropathy in the arabic gulf, Eur J Med Genet 54:319–322, 2011.
  549. Salomon J, Goulet O, Canioni D, et al: Genetic characterization of congenital tufting enteropathy: epcam associated phenotype and involvement of SPINT2 in the syndromic form, Hum Genet 133:299–310, 2014.
  550. Schnell U, Kuipers J, Mueller JL, et al: Absence of cell-surface EpCAM in congenital tufting enteropathy, Hum Mol Genet 22:2566–2571, 2013.
  551. Sherman PM, Mitchell DJ, Cutz E: Neonatal enteropathies: defining the causes of protracted diarrhea of infancy, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 38:16–26, 2004.
  552. Sivagnanam M, Mueller JL, Lee H, et al: Identification of EpCAM as the gene for congenital tufting enteropathy, Gastroenterology 135:429–437, 2008.
  553. Smith SB, Qu HQ, Taleb N, et al: Rfx6 directs islet formation and insulin production in mice and humans, Nature 463:775–780, 2010.
  554. Spiegel R, Dobbie A, Hartman C, et al: Clinical characterization of a newly described neonatal diabetes syndrome caused by RFX6 mutations, Am J Med Genet A 155A:2821–2825, 2011.
  555. Szperl AM, Golachowska MR, Bruinenberg M, et al: Functional characterization of mutations in the myosin vb gene associated with microvillus inclusion disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:307–313, 2011.
  556. Terrin G, Tomaiuolo R, Passariello A, et al: Congenital diarrheal disorders: an updated diagnostic approach, Inter J Molecular Sci 13:4168–4185, 2012.
  557. Valayannopoulos V, Malinova V, Honz?k T, et al: Sebelipase alfa over 52 weeks reduces serum transaminases, liver volume and improves serum lipids in patients with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, J Hepatol 61:1135–1142, 2014.
  558. Vignes S, Bellanger J: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (waldmann’s disease), Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:5, 2008.
  559. Wang J, Cortina G, Wu SV, et al: Mutant neurogenin-3 in congenital malabsorptive diarrhea, N Engl J Med 355:270–280, 2006.
  560. Wiegerinck CL, Janecke AR, Schneeberger K, et al: Loss of syntaxin 3 causes variant microvillus inclusion disease, Gastroenterology 147:65–68, 2014.
  561. Wu CJ, Feng X, Lu M, et al: Matriptase-mediated cleavage of EpCAM destabilizes claudins and dysregulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis, J Clin Invest 2017. [Epub Jan 17 2017].
  562. Giannattasio A, Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A: Management of children with prolonged diarrhea, F1000Res 23:5, 2016.
  563. Keusch GT, Denno DM, Black RE, et al: Environmental enteric dysfunction: patho­genesis, diagnosis, and clinical consequences, Clin Infect Dis 59:207–212, 2014.
  564. Marth T, Moos V, M?ller C, et al: Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple’s disease, Lancet Infect Dis 6:12–21, 2016.
  565. Owino V, Ahmed T, Freemark M, et al: Environmental enteric dysfunction and growth Failure/stunting in global child health, Pediatrics 2016 138. pii: e20160641.
  566. Prendergast AJ, Kelly P: Interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy and malnutrition in developing countries, Curr Opin Infect Dis 29:229–236, 2016.
  567. Agarwal S, Mayer L: Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with primary immunodeficiency, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1050–1063, 2013.
  568. Coeuret S, de La Blanchardi?re A, et al: Campylobacter coli cultured from the stools of a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, Clin Microbiol Infect 20:908–911, 2014.
  569. Ewers EC, Sheffler RL, et al: Case report: immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with overwhelming polymicrobial gastrointestinal infection with transfor­mation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Am J Trop Med Hyg 94:1177–1181, 2016.
  570. Foster LH, Portell CA: The role of infectious agents, antibiotics, and antiviral therapy in the treatment of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma and other low-grade lymphomas, Cur Treat Options Oncol 16:28, 2015.
  571. Foukas PG, de Leval L: Recent advances in intestinal lymphomas, Histopathology 66:112–136, 2015.
  572. Kurimoto M, Sonoki T, et al: Severe enteropathy caused by ?-heavy chain disease lacking detectable m-proteins, Intern Med 53:581–585, 2014.
  573. Avitzur Y, Courtney-Martin G: Enteral approaches in malabsorption, Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 30:295–307, 2016.
  574. Cohran VC, Prozialeck JD, Cole CR: Redefining short bowel syndrome in the 21st century, Pediatr Res 81(4):540–549, 2017.
  575. Courtney CM, Warner BW: Pediatric intestinal failure-associated liver disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 29:363–370, 2017.
  576. D’Antiga L, Goulet O: Intestinal failure in children: the European view, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56:118–126, 2013.
  577. Duggan CP, Jaksic T: Pediatric intestinal failure, N Engl J Med 388(7):666–674, 2017.
  578. Khan FA, Squires RH, Litman HJ, et al: Predictors of enteral autonomy in children with intestinal failure: a multicenter cohort study, J Pediatr 167:2015.
  579. Lacaille F, Gupta G, Colomb V, et al: Intestinal failure associated liver disease: A position paper of the ESPGHAN working group of intestinal failure and intestinal transplantation, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 60:272–283, 2015.
  580. Mercer DF, Hobson BD, Gerhardt BK, et al: Serial transverse enteroplasty allows children with short bowel to wean from parenteral nutrition, J Pediatr 164:93–98, 2014.
  581. Sommovilla J, Warner BW: Surgical options to enhance intestinal function in patients with short bowel syndrome, Curr Opin Pediatr 26:350–355, 2014.
  582. Squires RH, Duggan C, Teitelbaum DH, et al: Natural history of pediatric intestinal failure: initial report from the pediatric intestinal failure consortium, J Pediatr 161:723–728, 2012.
  583. Vargas JH: Short bowel syndrome/intestinal failure, J Pediatr 163(5):1243–1246, 2013.
  584. Beer SS, Juarez MD, Vega MW, et al: Pediatric malnutrition: putting the new definition and standards into practice, Nutr Clin Pract 30:609–624, 2015.
  585. Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al: Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries, Lancet 382:427–451, 2013.
  586. Chourdakis M, Hecht C, Gerasimidis K, et al: Malnutrition risk in hospitalized children: use of three screening tools in a large European population, Am J Clin Nutr 103:1301–1310, 2016.
  587. Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, et al: European society for paediatric gastroenterol­ogy, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European society for paediatric infectious diseases. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 59:132–152, 2014.
  588. Mehta NM, Corkins MR, Lyman B, et al: Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift towards etiology related definitions, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37:460–481, 2013.
  589. Ennatah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, et al: Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia, Nat Genet 30:233–237, 2002.
  590. Ferre EMN, Rose SR, Rosenzweig SD, et al: Redefined clinical features and diagnostic criteria in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, JCI Insight 2016.
  591. Gericke B, Amiri M, Scott CR, et al: Molecular pathogenicity of novel sucrase-isomaltase mutations found in congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency patients, Biochem Biophys Acta 1863:817–826, 2017.
  592. Henstrom L, Diekmann L, Bonfiglio F, et al: Functional variants in the sucrase-isomaltase gene associate with increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome, Gut 0:1–8, 2016.
  593. Holzinger A, Maier E, B?ck C, et al: Mutations in the proenteropeptidase gene are the molecular cause of congenital enteropeptidase deficiency, Am J Hum Genet 70:20–25, 2002.
  594. Kvissberg MA, Dalvi PS, Kerac M, et al: Carbohydrate malabsorption in acutely malnourished children and infants: a systematic review, Nutr Rev 74:48–58, 2016.
  595. Murray IA, Coupland K, Smith JA, et al: Intestinal trehalase activity in a UK population establishing a normal range and the effect of disease, Brit J Nutr 83:241–245, 2000.
  596. Palermo JJ: Trypsinogen deficiency disease, J Pediatr 166:308, 2015.
  597. Treem WR: Clinical aspects and treatment of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, J Paediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55:7–13, 2012.
  598. Vandenplas I: Lactose intolerance, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 24:9–13, 2015.
  599. Wright E: Glucose transport families SLC5 and SLC50, Mol Aspects Med 34:183–196, 2013.
  600. Baerlocher K, Solioz M: Disorders of copper, zinc and iron metabolism. In Babu E, Duran M, Blaskovics ME, et al, editors: Physician’s guide to the laboratory diagnosis of metabolic diseases, ed 2, Heidelberg, 2003, Springer-Verlag, pp 631–658.
  601. Broer S, Palac?n M: The role of amino acid transporters in inherited and acquired diseases, Biochem J 436:193–211, 2011.
  602. Camargo SM, Singer D, Makrides V, et al: Tissue-specific amino acid transporter partners ACE2 and collectrin differentially interact with hartnup mutations, Gastroenterology 136:872–882, 2009.
  603. Hihnala S, Hoglund P, Lammi L, et al: Long-term clinical outcome in patients with congenital chloride diarrhea, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42:369–375, 2006.
  604. Hoglund P, Auranen M, Socha J, et al: Genetic background of congenital chloride diarrhea in high-incidence populations: Finland, Poland, and Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, Am J Hum Genet 63:760–768, 1998.
  605. Iolascon A, De Falco L, Beaumont C: Molecular basis of inherited microcytic anemia due to defects in iron acquisition or heme synthesis, Haematologica 94:395–408, 2009.
  606. Janecke AR, Heinz-Erian P, M?ller T: Congenital sodium diarrhea: a form of intractable diarrhea, With a link to inflammatory bowel disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 63:170–176, 2016.
  607. Kasana S, Din J, Maret W: Genetic causes and gene–nutrient interactions in mammalian zinc deficiencies: acrodermatitis enteropathica and transient neonatal zinc deficiency as examples, J Trace Elem Med Biol 29:47–62, 2015.
  608. Mauhin W, Habarou F, Gobin S, et al: Update on lysinuric protein intolerance, a Multi-faceted disease retrospective cohort analysis from birth to adulthood, Orphanet J Rare Dis 12:3, 2017.
  609. Pietrangelo A: Hereditary hemochromatosis—a new look at an old disease, N Engl J Med 350:2383–2397, 2005.
  610. Qiu A, Jansen M, Sakaris A, et al: Identification of an intestinal folate transporter and the molecular basis for hereditary folate malabsorption, Cell 127:917–928, 2006.
  611. Tanner SM, Li Z, Perko JD, et al: Hereditary juvenile cobalamin deficiency caused by mutations in the intrinsic factor gene, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:4130–4133, 2005.
  612. Veldhuis NA, Gaeth AP, Pearson RB, et al: The multi-layered regulation of copper translocating P-type ATPases, Biometals 22:177–190, 2009.
  613. Visentin M, Diop-Bove N, Zhao R, Goldman ID: The intestinal absorption of folates, Annu Rev Physiol 76:251–274, 2014.
  614. Whitehead VM: Acquired and inherited disorders of cobalamin and folate in children, Br J Haematol 134:125–136, 2006.
  615. Abu-Elmagd K, Fung J, Bueno J, et al: Logistics and technique for procurement of intestinal, pancreatic and hepatic grafts from the same donor, Ann Surg 232:680–697, 2000.
  616. Berg CL, Steffick DE, Edwards EB, et al: Liver and intestine transplantation in the United States 1998–2007, Am J Transplant 9(4 Pt 2):907–931, 2009.
  617. Bond G, Reyes J, Mazariegos G, et al: The impact of positive T-cell lymphocytotoxic crossmatch on intestinal allograft rejection and survival, Transplant Proc 32:1197–1198, 2000.
  618. Choquet S, Oertel S, LeBlond V, et al: Rituximab in the management of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation: proceed with caution, Ann Hematol 86:599–607, 2007.
  619. Fishbein TW, Matsumoto CS: Intestinal replacement therapy: timing and indications for referral of patients to an intestinal rehabilitation and transplant program, Gastroenterology 130:S147–S151, 2006.
  620. Grant D, Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, et al: 2003 report of the intestine transplant registry: a new era has dawned, Ann Surg 241:607–613, 2005.
  621. Green M, Reyes J, Webber S, et al: The role of antiviral and immunoglobulin therapy in the prevention of Epstein-barr virus infection and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease following solid organ transplantation, Transpl Infect Dis 3:97–103, 2001.
  622. Kauffman SS, Atkinson JB, Bianchi A, et al: Indications for pediatric intestinal transplantation, Pediatr Transplant 5:80–87, 2001.
  623. Kelly DA: Intestinal failure associated liver disease: what do we know today?, Gastroenterology 130(2 Suppl 1):S70–S77, 2006.
  624. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network: Data (website). http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/.
  625. Puntis J, Jenkins HR: Intestinal failure, Arch Dis Child 94:919–920, 2009.
  626. Reyes J, Mazariegos GV, Abu-Elmagd K, et al: Intestinal transplantation under tacrolimus monotherapy after perioperative lymphoid depletion with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin), Am J Transplant 5:1430–1436, 2005.
  627. Reyes J, Mazariegos GV, Bond GM, et al: Pediatric intestinal transplantation: historical notes, principles and controversies, Pediatr Transplant 6:193–207, 2002.
  628. Rogers J, Bueno J, Shapiro R, et al: Results of simultaneous and sequential pediatric liver and kidney transplantation, Transplantation 72:1666–1670, 2001.
  629. Salvia G, Guarino A, Terrin G, et al: Neonatal onset intestinal failure: an Italian multicenter study, J Pediatr 153:674–676, 2008.
  630. Sherman PM, Mitchell DJ, Cutz E: Neonatal enteropathies: defining the causes of protracted diarrhea of infancy, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 38:16–26, 2004.
  631. Singh N, Paterson DL, Gayowski T, et al: Cytomegalovirus antigenemia directed pre-emptive prophylaxis with oral versus i.V. ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled trial, Transplantation 70:717, 2000.
  632. Smith JM, Skeans MA, Horslen SP, et al: OPTN?SRTR 2015 annual data report: intestine, Am J Transplant 17(Suppl 1):252–285, 2017.
  633. Squires RH, Duggan C, Teitelbaum DH, et al: Natural history of pediatric intestinal failure: initial report from the pediatric intestinal failure consortium, J Pediatr 161:723–728, 2012.
  634. Starzl TE, Demtris AJ, Trucco M, et al: Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ transplantation: the basis of graft acceptance, Hepatology 17:1127–1156, 1993.
  635. Testa G, Holterman M, John E, et al: Combined living donor liver/small bowel transplantation, Transplantation 27:1401–1404, 2005.
  636. Applegate JA, Walker CLF, Ambikapathi R, et al: Systematic review of probiotics for the treatment of community-acquired acute diarrhea in children, BMC Public Health 13(Suppl 3):S16, 2013.
  637. Bezlotoxumab (Zinplava) for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Med Lett Drugs Ther 59(1517):49–50, 2017.
  638. Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Walker N, Lancet Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Interventions Study Group, et al: Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?, Lancet 381(9875):1417–1429, 2013.
  639. Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Chopra M, et al: Excellent can be the enemy of good: the case of diarrhoea management — authors’ reply, Lancet 382(9889):308, 2013.
  640. Bhutta ZA1, Das JK, Rizvi A, et al: Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?, Lancet 382(9890):452–477, 2013.
  641. Binnicker MJ, Multiplex Molecular Panels for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Infection: Performance, Result interpretation, and Cost-effectiveness, J Clin Microbiol 53(12):3723–3728, 2015.
  642. Bowen MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, et al: Rotavirus strain trends during the postlicensure vaccine era: United States, 2008–2013, J Infect Dis 214(5):732–738, 2016.
  643. Bryant K, McDonald LC: Clostridium difficile infections in children, Pediatr Infect Dis J 28(2):145–146, 2009.
  644. Brumbaugh DE, De Zoeten EF, Pyo-Twist A, et al: An intragastric fecal microbiota transplantation program for treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile in children is efficacious, safe, and inexpensive, J Pediatr 194:123–127, 2018.
  645. CDC: Incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance — foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. sites, 2013–1016, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66(15):397–403, 2017.
  646. Danewa AS, Shah D, Batra P, et al: Oral ondansetron in management of dehydrating diarrhea with vomiting in children aged 3 months to 5 years: a randomized controlled trial, J Pediatr 169:105–109, 2016.
  647. Das JK, Kumar R, Salam RA, et al: The effect of antiemetics in childhood gastroenteritis, BMC Public Health 13(Suppl 3):S9, 2013.
  648. Das JK, Lassi ZS, Salam RA, et al: Effect of community based interventions on childhood diarrhea and pneumonia: uptake of treatment modalities and impact on mortality, BMC Public Health 13(Suppl 3):S29, 2013.
  649. DuPont HL: Bacterial diarrhea, N Engl J Med 361(16):1560–1569, 2009.
  650. Fagundes-Neto U: Persistent diarrhea: still a serious public health problem in developing countries, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 15(9):1–6, 2013.
  651. Feliciano L, Li J, Lee J, et al: Efficacies of sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium sanitizers for reduction of norovirus and selected bacteria during ware-washing operations, PLoS ONE 7(12):e50273, 2012.
  652. Freedman SB, Ali S, Oleszczuk M, et al: Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries, Evid Based Child Health 8(4):1123–1137, 2013.
  653. Harris JR, Bergmire-Sweat D, Schlegel JH, et al: Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections associated with small turtle exposure, 2007–2008, Pediatrics 124:1388–1394, 2009.
  654. Kao D, Roach B, Silva M, et al: Effect of oral capsule- vs colonoscopy-delivered fecal microbiota transplantation on recurrent Clostridium difficile infection — a randomizes clinical trial, JAMA 318(20):1985–1993, 2017.
  655. Kotloff KL, James PN, William CB, et al: Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric multicenter study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study, Lancet 382(9888):209–222, 2013.
  656. Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, et al: Shigellosis, Lancet 391(10122):801–812, 2018.
  657. Kotloff KL: The burden and etiology of diarrheal illness in developing countries, Pediatr Clin North Am 64(4):799–814, 2017.
  658. Lamberti LM, Walker CLF, Black RE: Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low-and middle-income countries, BMC Public Health 12(1):276, 2012.
  659. Lanata CF, Fischer-Walker CL, Olascoaga AC, et al: Global causes of diarrheal disease mortality in children, 5 years of age: a systematic review, PLoS ONE 8(9):e72788, 2013.
  660. Lenters LM, Das JK, Bhutta ZA: Systematic review of strategies to increase use of oral rehydration solution at the household level, BMC Public Health 13(Suppl 3):S28, 2013.
  661. Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al: Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection, N Engl J Med 364(5):422–431, 2011.
  662. Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele D, et al: Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants, N Engl J Med 362:289–298, 2010.
  663. Marder EP, Griffin PM, Cieslak PR, et al: Preliminary incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food — foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. sites, 2006–2017, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67(11):324–328, 2018.
  664. McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al: Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) and society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA), Clin Infect Dis 66(7):987–994, 2018.
  665. Mettee Zarecki SL, Bennett SD, Hall J, et al: US outbreak of human Salmonella infections associated with aquatic frogs, 2008–2011, Pediatrics 131(4):724–731, 2013.
  666. Munos MK, Walker CLF, Black RE: The effect of oral rehydration solution and recommended home fluids on diarrhoea mortality, Int J Epidemiol 39(Suppl 1):i75–i87, 2010.
  667. Munos MK, Walker CLF, Black RE: The effect of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea mortality, Int J Epidemiol 39(Suppl 1):i56–i62, 2010.
  668. Nicholson MR, van Horn GT, Tang Y-W, et al: Using multiplex molecular testing to determine the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children, J Pediatr 176:50–56, e2, 2016.
  669. Painter JA, Hoekstra RM, Ayers T, et al: Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, United States, 1998–2008, Emerg Infect Dis 19(3):407–415, 2013.
  670. Patro B, Szymanski H, Szajewska H: Oral zinc for the treatment of acute, gastroenteritis in Polish children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, J Pediatr 157:984–988, 2010.
  671. Payne DC, Vinj? J, Szilagyi PG, et al: Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children, N Engl J Med 368(12):1121–1130, 2013.
  672. Pensabene L, Talarico V, Concolino D, et al: Postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children: a multicenter prospective study, J Pediatr 166:903–907, 2015.
  673. Platts-Mills JA, Rogawski ET, Kabir F, et al: Use of quantitive molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study, Lancet Glob Health 6(12):e1309–e1318, 2018.
  674. Qadir MI, Arshad A, Ahmad B: Zinc: role in the management of diarrhea and cholera, World J Clin Cases 1(4):140, 2013.
  675. Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, et al: Effect of rotavirus vaccination on death from childhood diarrhea in Mexico, N Engl J Med 362:299–305, 2010.
  676. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA: ACG clinical guidelines: diagnsosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults, Am J Gastroenterol 111:602–622, 2016.
  677. Ross AGP, Olds GR, Cripps AW, et al: Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers, N Engl J Med 368:1817–1824, 2013.
  678. Rouhani S, Meloney L, Ahn R, et al: Alternative rehydration methods: a systematic review and lessons for resource-limited care, Pediatrics 127:e748–e757, 2011.
  679. Sabot O, Schroder K, Yamey G, et al: Scaling up oral rehydration salts and zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea, BMJ 344:e940, 2012.
  680. Schnadower D, Tarr PI, Casper TC, et al: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo for acute gastroenteritis in children, N Engl J Med 379(21):2002–2014, 2018.
  681. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al: 2017 infectious diseases society for America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea, Clin Infect Dis 65(12):e45–e80, 2017.
  682. Freedman SB, Cho D, Boutis K, et al: Assessing the palatability of oral rehydration solutions in school-aged children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164(8):696–702, 2010.
  683. Freedman SB, Vandermeer B, Milne A, et al: Diagnosing clinically significant dehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis using noninvasive methods: a meta-analysis, J Pediatr 166:908–916, 2015.
  684. Freedman SB, Williamson-Urguhart S, Farion KJ, et al: Multicenter trial of a combination probiotic for children with gastroenteritis, N Engl J Med 379(21):2015–2026, 2018.
  685. GBD 2016 Diarrheal Disease Collaborators: Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Lancet Infect Dis 18(11):1211–1228, 2018.
  686. Glass RI, Parashar UD, Estes MK: Norovirus gastroenteritis, N Engl J Med 361(18):1776–1784, 2009.
  687. Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, et al: Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children (review), Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD006095, 2017.
  688. Goldman RD, Friedman JN, Parkin PC: Validation of the clinical dehydration scale for children with acute gastroenteritis, Pediatrics 122:545–549, 2008.
  689. Gould LH, Rosenblum I, Nicholas D, et al: Contributing factors in restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, FoodNet sites, 2006 and 2007, J Food Prot 76(11):1824–1828, 2013.
  690. Grant L, Vinj? J, Parashar U, et al: Epidemiologic and clinical features of other enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in American Indian infants, J Pediatr 161:110–115, 2012.
  691. Grytdal SP, DeBess E, Lee LE, et al: Incidence of norovirus and other viral pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among kaiser permanente member populations in the United States, 2012–2013, PLoS ONE 11(4):e0148395, 2016.
  692. Sivapalasingam SN, Nelson JM, Joyce K, et al: High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Shigella isolates in the United States tested by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System from 1999 to 2002, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(1):49–54, 2006.
  693. Spandorfer PR, Alessandrini EA, Joffe MD, et al: Oral versus intravenous rehydration of moderately dehydrated children: a randomized, controlled trial, Pediatrics 115:295–301, 2005.
  694. Stachan NJC, Forbes KJ: The growing UK epidemic of human campylobacteriosis, Lancet 376:665–666, 2010.
  695. Steffen R, Hill DR, DuPont HL: Traveler’s diarrhea — a clinical review, JAMA 313(1):71–80, 2015.
  696. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA limits packaging for anti-diarrhea medicine loperamide (Imodium) to encourage safe use. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm594232.htm.
  697. Walker CLF, Black RE: Zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea: effect on diarrhoea morbidity, mortality and incidence of future episodes, Int J Epidemiol 39(Suppl 1):i63–i69, 2010.
  698. Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, Poxton IR, et al: Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, N Engl J Med 376(4):305–317, 2017.
  699. Zanger P, Nurjadi D, Gabor J, et al: Effectiveness of rifaximin in prevention of diarrhea in diarrhoea in individuals travelling to south and southeast asia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet 13(11):946–954, 2013.
  700. Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al: Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhea in adults, 3rd ed, 2018, British Society of Gastroenterology. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315909. [Epub ahead of print]. Gut.
  701. Benninga MA, Nurko S, Faure C, et al: Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: Neonate/toddler, Gastroenterology 150:1443–1455, 2016.
  702. Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo NY, et al: Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8):CD007401, 2013.
  703. Berni Canani R, Terrin G: Recent progress in congenital diarrheal disorders, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 13:257–264, 2011.
  704. Born P: Carbohydrate malabsorption in patients with non-specific abdominal complaints, World J Gastroenterol 13:5687–5691, 2007.
  705. Buccigrossi V, Nicastro E, Guarino A: Functions of intestinal microflora in children, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 29:31–38, 2013.
  706. D’Antiga L, Goulet O: Intestinal failure in children: the European view, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56:118–126, 2013.
  707. DuPont HL: Persistent diarrhea- a clinical review, JAMA 315:2712–2723, 2016.
  708. Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Berni Canani R: Chronic diarrhoea in children, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 26:649–661, 2012.
  709. Lo Vecchio A, Arigliani M, Russo M, et al: Stepwise diagnostic approach to chronic diarrhea compared with the algorithm proposed in the new nelson textbook of pediatrics, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:e95, 2011.
  710. Lo Vecchio A, Zacur G: Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 28:1–9, 2012.
  711. Moore SR: Update on prolonged and persistent diarrhea in children, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 27:19–23, 2011.
  712. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, MD). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/ at January 2017.
  713. Pezzella V, De Martino L, Passariello A, et al: Investigation of chronic diarrhea in infancy, Early Hum Dev 89:893–897, 2013.
  714. Salvia G, Guarino A, Terrin G, et al: Neonatal onset intestinal failure: an Italian multicenter study, J. Pediatrics. 153:674–676, 2008.
  715. Simron M, Barbara G, Flint H, et al: Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a rome foundation report, Gut 62:159–176, 2013.
  716. Terrin G, Tomaiuolo R, Passariello A, et al: Congenital diarrheal disorders: an updated diagnostic approach, Int J Mol Sci 13:4168–4185, 2012.
  717. Zelia GC, Israel EJ: Chronic diarrhea in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 33:207–216, 2012.
  718. Singh S, Asa SL, Dey C, et al: Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: An evidence-based Canadian consensus, Cancer Treat Rev 47:32–45, 2016.
  719. Iqbal CW: Whaof DC: Diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumor in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 21:379–385, 2009.
  720. Benninga MA, Nurko S, Faure C: Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler, Gastroenterology 150:1443–1455, 2016.
  721. Bhesania N, Cresci GAM: A nutritional approach for managing irritable bowel syndrome, Curr Opin Pediatr 29:584–591, 2017.
  722. B?hn L, St?rsrud S, Liljebo T, et al: Diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome as well as traditional dietary advice: a randomized controlled trial, Gastroenterology 149:1399–1407, 2015.
  723. Bonnert M, Ol?n O, Lalouni M, et al: Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Gastroenterol 112(1):152–162, 2017.
  724. Chumpitazi BP, Hollister EB, Oezguen N, et al: Gut microbiota influences low fermentable substrate diet efficacy in children with irritable bowel syndrome, Gut Microbes. 5(2):165–175, 2014.
  725. Ford AC, Lacy BE, Talley NJ: Irritable bowel syndrome, N Engl J Med 376(26):2566–2578, 2017.
  726. Giannetti E, Maglione M, Sciorio E, et al: Do children just grow out of irritable bowel syndrome?, J Pediatr 183:122–126.e1, 2017.
  727. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H: Meta-analysis: lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 33(12):1302–1310, 2011.
  728. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials: fiber supplements for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in childhood, Ann Nutr Metab 61(2):95–101, 2012.
  729. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al: Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent, Gastroenterology 150:1456–1468, 2016.
  730. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M, et al: The pediatric rome IV criteria: what’s new?, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11(3):193–201, 2017.
  731. Kovacic K, Hainsworth K, Sood M, et al: Neurostimulation for functional abdominal pain disorders in children—a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(10):727–737, 2017.
  732. Landgren K, Hallstr?m I: Effect of minimal acupuncture for infantile colic: a multicenter, three-armed, single-blind, randomized controlled trial (ACU-COL), Acupunct Med 35(3):171–179, 2017.
  733. Le Gal J, Michel JF, Rinaldi VE, et al: Association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and migraine in children and adolescents: a case-control study, Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol (2):114–121, 2016.
  734. Liu X, Silverman A, Kern M, et al: Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary report, Neurogastroenterol Motil 28(1):43–53, 2016.
  735. Mahoney LB, Nurki S, Rosen R: The prevalence of rome IV nonerosive esophageal phenotypes in children, J Pediatr 189:86–91, 2017.
  736. Rodriguez L, Diaz J, Nurko S: Safety and efficacy of cyproheptadine for treating dyspeptic symptoms in children, J Pediatr 163(1):261–267, 2013.
  737. Sung V, D’Amico F, Cabana MD, et al: Lactobacillus reuteri to treat infant colic: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics 141(1):e20171811, 2018.
  738. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, et al: Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 58(2):258–274, 2014.
  739. Drugs for irritable bowel syndrome, Med Lett Drugs Ther 58(1504):121-126, 2016.
  740. Wolke D, Bilgin A, Samara M: Systematic review and meta-analysis: fussing and crying durations and prevalence of colic in infants, J Pediatr 185:55–61, 2017.
  741. Zeevenhooven J, Koppen IJN, Benninga MA: The new rome IV criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 20(1):1-12, 2017.
  742. Bhandari S, Venkatesan T: Clinical characteristics, Comorbidities and hospital outcomes in hospitalizations with cyclic vomiting syndrome: a nationwide analysis, Dig Dis Sci 62(8):2035–2044, 2017.
  743. Bhandari S, Venkatesan T: Novel treatments for cyclic vomiting syndrome: beyond ondansetron and amitriptyline, Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 14(4):495–506, 2016.
  744. Boles RG: High degree of efficacy in the treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome with combined co-enzyme q10, L-carnitine and amitriptyline, a case series, BMC Neurol 11:102, 2011.
  745. Boles RG, Lovett-Barr MR, Preston A, et al: Treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome with co-enzyme Q10 and amitriptyline, a retrospective study, BMC Neurol 10:10, 2010.
  746. Cristofori F, Thapar N, Saliakellis E, et al: Efficacy of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant in children with cyclical vomiting syndrome, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 40(3):309–317, 2014.
  747. Drumm BR, Bourke B, Drummond J, et al: Cyclical vomiting syndrome in children: a prospective study, Neurogastroenterol Motil 24(10):922–927, 2012.
  748. Evans RW, Whyte C: Cyclic vomiting syndrome and abdominal migraine in adults and children, Headache 53(6):984–993, 2013.
  749. Fitzpatrick E, Bourke B, Drumm B, Rowland M: The incidence of cyclic vomiting syndrome in children: population-based study, Am J Gastroenterol 103(4):991–995, 2008.
  750. Hikita T, Kodama H, Ogita K, et al: Cyclic vomiting syndrome in infants and children: a clinical Follow-up study, Pediatr Neurol 57:29–33, 2016.
  751. Lee J, Wong SA, Li BU, Boles RG: NextGen nuclear DNA sequencing in cyclic vomiting syndrome reveals a significant association with the stress-induced calcium channel (RYR2), Neurogastroenterol Motil 27(7):990–996, 2015.
  752. Lee LY, Abbott L, Mahlangu B, et al: The management of cyclic vomiting syndrome: a systematic review, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24(9):1001–1006, 2012.
  753. Li BU, Lefevre F, Chelimsky GG, et al: North American society for pediatric gastroenterology, Hepatology, and nutrition consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of cyclic vomiting syndrome, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47(3):379–393, 2008.
  754. Li BUK, Williams SE: Cyclic vomiting syndrome: clinical features and comorbidities, Contemp Pediatr 29:34–46, 2012.
  755. Moses J, Keilman A, Worley S, et al: Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome: a large single-center experience with 106 patients, Pediatr Neurol 50(6):569–573, 2014.
  756. Venkatesa T, Zadvornova Y, Raff H, Hillard CJ: Endocannabinoid-related lipids are increased during an episode of cyclic vomiting syndrome, Neurogastroenterol Motil 28:1409–1418, 2016.
  757. Venkatesan T, Sengupta J, Lodhi A, et al: An internet survey of marijuana and hot shower use in adults with cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), Exp Brain Res 232(8):2563–2570, 2014.
  758. Williamson JE, July M, Gonzalez LM, et al: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: cyclical vomiting behind the cloud of smoke, Am J Med 127(4):e1–e2, 2014.
  759. Armstrong J, Merritt N, Jones S, et al: Non-operative of early, acute appendicitis in children: is it safe and effective?, J Pediatr Surg 49(5):782–785, 2014.
  760. Bachur RG, Lipsett SC, Monuteaux MC: Outcomes of nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis, Pediatrics 140(1):e20170048, 2017.
  761. Bachur RG, Lipsett SC, Monuteaux MC: Outcomes of nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis, Ped Rev 140:1, 2017.
  762. Bansal S, Banever GT, Karrer FM, Partrick DA: Appendicitis in children less than 5 years old: influence of age on presentation and outcome, Am J Surg 204:1031–1035, 2012.
  763. Boscarelli A, Frediani S, Ceccanti S, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of epiploic appendagitis in children, J Pediatr Surg 51(12):2123–2125, 2016.
  764. Ergul E: Heridity and familial tendency of acute appendicitis, Scan J Surg SJS Off Organ Finn Surg Soc Scand Surg Soc 96(4):290–292, 2007.
  765. Fitz RH: Perforating inflammation in the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment, Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1:107–144, 1886.
  766. Georgiou R, Eaton S, Stanton M, et al: Efficacy and safety of nonoperative treatment for acute appendicitis: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics 139:3, 2017.
  767. Glass C, Rangel S: Overview and diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children, Sem Ped Surg 25:198–203, 2016.
  768. Hernandez MC, Polites SF, Aho JM, et al: Measuring anatomic severity in pediatric appendicitis: validation of the American association for the surgery of trauma appendicitis severity grade, J Pediatr 192:229–233, 2018.
  769. Huang L, Yin Y, Yang L, et al: Comparison of antibiotic therapy and appendectomy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis in children, JAMA Pediatr 171(5):426–434, 2017.
  770. Jancelewicz T, Kim G, Miniati D: Neonatal appendicitis: a new look at an old zebra, J Pediatr Surg 43:E1–E5, 2008.
  771. Kabir SA, Kabir SI, et al: How to diagnose an acutely inflamed appendix; a systematic review of the latest evidence, Int J Surg 40:155–162, 2017.
  772. Kronman MP, Oron AP, Ross RK, et al: Extended-versus narrower-spectrum antibiotics for appendicitis, Pediatrics 138(1):e20154547, 2016.
  773. Lopez JJ, Deans KJ, Minneci PC: Nonoperative management of appendicitis in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 29:358–362, 2017.
  774. Maaco S, Vrouenaets B, Castro SM: Evaluation of scoring systems in predicting acute appendicitis in children, Surgery 1599–1604, 2016.
  775. Minneci PC, Mahida JB, Lodwick DL, et al: Effectiveness of patient choice in nonoperative vs surgical management of pediatric uncomplicated acute appendicitis, JAMA Surg 151(5):408–415, 2016.
  776. Mudri M, Corialano K, Butter A: Cost analysis of nonoperative management of acute appendicitis in children, JPS 52:791–794, 2017.
  777. Nah SA, Ong SS, Lim WX, et al: Clinical relevance of the nonvisualized appendix on ultrasonography of the abdomen in children, J Ped 182:164–169, 2017.
  778. Pearce M, Salotti J, Little M, et al Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumors: a retrospective cohort study, published online, Institute of Health and Society, June 2012 499-505.
  779. Redmond P, Sawaya DE, Miller KH, Nowicki MJ: Epiploic appendagitis, Pediatr Energ Care 31(10):717–719, 2015.
  780. Rentea R, St Peter S: Pediatric appendicitis, Surg Clin N Am 97:93–112, 2017.
  781. Rentea R, St Peter S, Snyder C: Pediatric appendicitis: a state of the art review, Ped Surg Int 33:269–283, 2017.
  782. Rice-Townsend S, Barnes JN, Hall M, et al: Variations in practice and resource utilization associated with the diagnosis and management of appendicitis at freestanding children’s hospitals: implications for value-based comparative analysis, Ann Surg 259(6):1228–1234, 2014.
  783. Rollins KE, Varadahan KK, Neal KR, et al: Antibiotics versus appendectomy for the treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, World J Surg 40(10):2305–2318, 2016.
  784. Salminen P, Paajanen H, Rautio T, et al: Antibiotic therapy vs appendectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis, JAMA 313(23):2340–2348, 2015.
  785. Santohigashi K, Lewis K, Ho CH: It’s not appendicitis!, J Pediatr 170:340, 2016.
  786. Schwartz KL, Gilad E, Sigalet D, et al: Neonatal acute appendicitis: a proposed algorithm for timely diagnosis, J Pediatr Surg 46:2060–2064, 2011.
  787. Shogilev D, Duus N, Odom S, Shapiro N: Diagnosing appendicitis: an evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014, West J Emerg Med 15(7):859–871, 2014.
  788. Smith M, Katz D, Lalani T, et al: ACR appropriateness criteria right lower quadrant Pain-suspected appendicitis, Ultrasound Q 31(2):85–91, 2015.
  789. Steiner Z, Buklan G, Stakievicz R, et al: A role for conservative antibiotic treatment in early appendicitis in children, J Pediatr Surg 50(9):1566–1568, 2015.
  790. Talan DA, Saltzman DJ, Mower WR, et al: Antibiotics-first versus surgery for appendicitis: a US pilot randomized controlled trial allowing outpatient antibiotic management, Ann Emerg Med 70(1):1–11, 2017.
  791. Willis Z, Duggan E, Bucher B, et al: Effect of clinical practice guideline for pediatric complicated appendicitis, JAMA Surg 151:5, 2016.
  792. Akkoyun J, Akbiyik F, Soylu SG: The use of digital photos and video images taken by a parent in the diagnosis of anal swelling and anal protrusions in children with normal physical examination, J Pediatr Surg 46:2132–2134, 2011.
  793. Bischoff A, Bealer J, Pen? A: Controversies in anorectal malformations, Lancet Child Adolesc Health 1:323–330, 2017.
  794. Georgeson KE, Inge TH, Albanese CT: Laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through for high imperforate anus—a new technique, J Pediatr Surg 35:927–930, 2000. Hashish MS, Dawoud HH, Hirschl RB, et al: Long-term functional outcome and quality of life in patients with high imperforate anus, J Pediatr Surg 45:224–230, 2010.
  795. Jonker JE, Trzpis M, Broens PMA: Underdiagnosis of mild congenital anorectal malformations, J Pediatr 186:101–104, 2017.
  796. Lee SC, Chun YS, Jung SE, et al: Currarino triad: anorectal malformation, sacral bony abnormality, and presacral mass—a review of 11 cases, J Pediatr Surg 32:58, 1997.
  797. Levitt MA, Haber HP, Seitz G, et al: Transperineal sonography for determination of the type of imperforate anus, AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:1525–1529, 2007.
  798. Levitt MA, Pe?a A: Outcomes from the correction of anorectal malformations, Curr Opin Pediatr 17:394–401, 2005.
  799. Mattix KD, Novotny NM, Shelley AA, et al: Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) for fecal incontinence in imperforate anus improves quality of life, Pediatr Surg Int 23:1175–1177, 2007.
  800. Rintala RJ, Pakarinen MP: Imperforate anus: long- and short-term outcome, Semin Pediatr Surg 17:79–89, 2008.
  801. Sigalet DL, Laberge JM, Adolph VR, et al: The anterior sagittal approach for high imperforate anus: a simplification of the mollard approach, J Pediatr Surg 31:625–629, 1996.
  802. Simpson JA, Banerjea A, Scholefield JH: Management of anal fistula, BMJ 345:e5836, 2012.
  803. Spingford LR, Connor MJ, Jones K, et al: Prevalence of active long-term problems in patients with anorectal malformations: a systematic review, Dis Colon Rectum 59:570–580, 2016.
  804. Vick LR, Gosche JR, Boulanger SC, et al: Primary laparoscopic repair of high imperforate anus in neonatal males, J Pediatr Surg 42:1877–1881, 2007.
  805. Cevik M, Boleken ME, Koruk I, et al: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy of diltiazem, glyceryl trinitrate, and lidocaine for the treatment of anal fissure in children, Pediatr Surg Int 28:411–416, 2012.
  806. Golfam F, Golfam P, Khalaj A, et al: The effect of topical nifedipine in treatment of chronic anal fissure, Acta Med Iran 48:295–299, 2010.
  807. Husberg B, Malmborg P, Strig?rd K: Treatment with botulinum toxin in children with chronic anal fissure, Eur J Pediatr Surg 19:290–292, 2009.
  808. Chang HK, Ryu JG, Oh JT: Clinical characteristics and treatment of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano in infants, J Pediatr Surg 45:1832–1836, 2010.
  809. Medical Letter: Nitroglycerin ointment (Rectiv) for anal fissure, Med Lett Drugs Ther 54:23–24, 2012.
  810. Othman I: Bilateral versus posterior injection of botulinum toxin in the internal anal sphincter for the treatment of acute anal fissure, S Afr J Surg 48:20–22, 2010.
  811. Pallin DJ, Egan DJ, Pelletier AJ, et al: Increased US emergency department visits for skin and soft tissue infections, and changes in antibiotic choices, during the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Ann Emerg Med 51:291–298, 2008.
  812. Wong KK, Wu X, Chan IH, et al: Evaluation of defecative function 5 years or longer after laparoscopic-assisted pull-through for imperforate anus, J Pediatr Surg 46:2313–2315, 2011.
  813. Watson AJM, Hudson J, Wood J, et al: Comparison of stapled haemorrhoidipexy with traditional excisional surgery for haemorrhoidal disease (eTHoS): a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Lancet 388:2375–2385, 2016.
  814. Flum AS, Golladay ES, Teitelbaum DH: Recurrent rectal prolapse following primary surgical treatment, Pediatr Surg Int 26:427–431, 2010.
  815. Koivusalo AI, Pakarinen MP, Rintala RI, Seuri R: Dynamic defecography in the diagnosis of paediatric rectal prolapse and related disorders, Pediatr Surg Int 28:815–820, 2012.
  816. Potter DD, Bruny JL, Allshouse MJ, et al: Laparoscopic suture rectopexy for full-thickness anorectal prolapse in children: an effective outpatient procedure, J Pediatr Surg 45:2103–2107, 2010.
  817. Shah A, et al: Persistent rectal prolapse in children: sclerotherapy and surgical management, Pediatr Surg Int 21:270, 2005.
  818. Dudink R, Veldkamp J, Nienhuijs S, et al: Secondary healing versus midline closure and modified bascom natal cleft lift for pilonidal sinus disease, Scand J Surg 100:110–113, 2011.
  819. Fike FB, Mortellaro VE, Juang D, et al: Experience with pilonidal disease in children, J Surg Res 170:165–168, 2011.
  820. Hsieh MH, Perry V, Gupta N, et al: The effects of detethering on the urodynamics profile in children with a tethered cord, J Neurosurg 105:391–395, 2006.
  821. Lee SL, Tejirian T, Abbas MA: Current management of adolescent pilonidal disease, J Pediatr Surg 43:1124–1127, 2008.
  822. Nasr A, Ein SH: A pediatric surgeon’s 35-year experience with pilonidal disease in a Canadian children’s hospital, Can J Surg 54:39–42, 2011.
  823. Huang SC, Durno CA, Erdman SH: Lynch syndrome: a pediatric perspective, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 58(2):144–152, 2014.
  824. Kay M, Eng K, Wyllie R: Colonic polyps and polyposis syndromes in pediatric patients, Curr Opin Pediatr 27(5):634–641, 2015.
  825. Mullassery D, Weldon CB: Pediatric/ “wildtype” gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Semin Pediatr Surg 25:305–310, 2016.
  826. Pawel BR: Polyps and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in childhood. In Russo P, Ruchelli ED, Piccoli DA, editors: Pathology of pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease, ed 2, New York, NY, 2014, Springer.
  827. Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al: ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes, Am J Gastroenterol 110(2):223–262, 2015.
  828. Zevit N, Shamir R: Wireless capsule endoscopy of the small intestine in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 60(6):696–701, 2015.
  829. Abdulhai SA, Glenn IC, Ponsky TA: Incarcerated pediatric hernias, Surg Clin N Am 97:129–145, 2017.
  830. Alzahem A: Laparoscopic versus open inguinal herniotomy: a meta-analysis, Pediatr Surg Int 27(6):805–812, 2011.
  831. Chen LE, Zamakhshary M, Foglia RP, et al: Impact of wait time on outcome for inguinal hernia repair in infants, Pediatr Surg Int 25(3):223–227, 2009.
  832. Chunlei Y, Huanyu Z, Pu J, et al: Laparoscopic vs open herniorrhaphy in the management of pediatric inguinal hernia: a systemic review and meta-analysis, J Pediatr Surg 46:1824–1834, 2011.
  833. Esposito C, Escolino M, Farina A, et al: Two decades of history of laparoscopic pediatric inguinal hernia repair, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 24:669–670, 2014.
  834. Esposito C, Escolino M, Turra F, et al: Current concepts in the management of inguinal hernia and hydrocele in pediatric patients in laparoscopic era, Semin Pediatr Surg 25:232–240, 2016.
  835. Esposito C, St. Peter SD, Escolino M, et al: Laparoscopic versus open inguinal hernia repair in pediatric patients: a systematic review, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 24(11):811–818, 2014.
  836. Feng S, Zhao L, Liao Z, et al: Open versus laparoscopic inguinal hrniotomy in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on postoperative complications, Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutaneous Tech 25:275–280, 2015.
  837. Gause CD, Sacco Casamassima MG, Yang J, et al: Laparoscopic versus open ingional hernia repair in children <3: a randomized controlled trial, Pediatr Surg Int 33:367–376, 2017.
  838. Juang D, Fraser JD, Holcomb GW III: The laparoscopic approach for repair of indirect inguinal hernias in infants and children, Transl Pediatr 5(4):222–226, 2016.
  839. Manoharan S, et al: Evidence-based change of practice in the management of unilateral inguinal hernia, JPS 40:1163, 2005.
  840. Ostlie DJ, Ponsky TA: Technical options of the laparoscopic pediatric inguinal hernia repair, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 24:194–198, 2014.
  841. Ponsky TA, Nalugo M, Ostlie DJ: Pediatric laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a review of the current evidence, J Laparoendosc Adsv Surg Tech A 24:183–187, 2014.
  842. Shalaby R, Ismail M, Samaha A, et al: Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: experience with 874 children, J Pediatr Surg 49:460–464, 2014.
  843. Timberlake MD, Herbst KW, Rasmussen S, Corbett ST: Laparoscopic percutaneous inguinal hernia repair in children: review of technique and comparison with open surgery, J Pediatr Urology 11:262e1–262e8, 2015.
  844. Tsai Y, Wu CC, Yang S: Open vs minilaparoscopic herniorrhaphy for children: a prospective comparative trial with midterm follow-up evaluation, Surg Endosc 10(24):21, 2010.
  845. Werlin S, Mayer AN: Development of the exocrine pancreas. In Polin RA, Fox WW, Abman SH, editors: Fetal and neonatal physiology, 4th ed, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders, pp 1230–1239.
  846. Bertin C, Pelletier AL, Vullierme MP, et al: Pancreas divisum is not a cause of pancreatitis by itself but acts as a partner of genetic mutations, Am J Gastroenterol 107:311–317, 2012.
  847. Cano D, Hebrok M, Zenker M: Pancreatic development and disease, Gastroenterology 132:745–762, 2007.
  848. Etiennea D, Johna A, Menias CO, et al: Annular pancreas: A review of its molecular embryology, genetic basis and clinical considerations, Ann Anat 194:422–428, 2012.
  849. Howard ER: Congenital abnormalities. In Howard ER, Stringer MD, Colombani PM, editors: Surgery of the liver and bile ducts in children, ed 2, London, 2002, Arnold, pp 493–502.
  850. Beharry S, Ellis L, Corey M, et al: How useful is fecal pancreatic elastase 1 as a marker of exocrine pancreatic disease?, J Pediatr 141:84–90, 2002.
  851. Pfefferkorn M, Fitzgerald J, Croffie J, et al: Direct measurement of pancreatic enzymes: a comparison of secretagogues, Dig Dis Sci 47:2211–2216, 2002.
  852. Taylor C, Chen K, Horvath K, et al: ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN report on the assessment of exocrine pancreatic function and pancreatitis in children, J Pediatr Gastro Nutr 61:144–153, 2015.
  853. Walkowiak J, Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Henker J, et al: Indirect pancreatic function tests in children, J Pediatr Gastro Nutr 40:107–114, 2005.
  854. Christian M, Edwards C, Weaver LT: Starch digestion in infancy, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 29:116–124, 1999.
  855. Werlin S, Mayer AN: Development of the exocrine pancreas. In Polin RA, Fox WW, Abman SH, editors: Fetal and neonatal physiology, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders, pp 1230–1239.
  856. Boocock GR, Morrison JA, Popovic M, et al: Mutations in SBDS are associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Nat Genet 33:97–101, 2003.
  857. Jacobs LJ, Jongbloed RJ, Wijburg FA, et al: Pearson syndrome and the role of deletion dimmers and duplications in the mtDNA, J Inherit Metab Dis 47–55, 2004.
  858. Munck A, Alberti C, Colombo C, et al: International prospective study of distal intestinal obstruction in cystic fibrosis: associated factors and outcome, J Cyst Fibros 15:531–539, 2016.
  859. Myers KC, Davies SM, Shimamura A: Clinical and molecular pathophysiology of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: an update, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 27(1):117–128, ix, 2013.
  860. Myers KC, Bolyard AA, Otto B, et al: Variable clinical presentation of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: update from the North American Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Registry, J Pediatr 164:866–870, 2014.
  861. Picker-Minh S, Mignot C, Doummar D, et al: Phenotype variability of infantile-onset multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease IMNEPD, Orphanet J Rare Dis 11:52, 2016.
  862. Toiviainen-Salo S, Raade M, Durie PR, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the pancreas in patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and mutations in the SBDS gene, J Pediatr 152:434–436, 2008.
  863. Williams TB, Daniels M, Puthenveetil G, et al: Pearson syndrome: unique endocrine manifestations including neonatal diabetes and adrenal insufficiency, Mol Genet Metab 106:104–107, 2012.
  864. Zenker M, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, et al: Deficiency of UBR1, a ubiquitin ligase of the N-end rule pathway, causes pancreatic dysfunction, malformations and mental retardation (Johanson-Blizzard syndrome), Nat Genet 37:1345–1350, 2005.
  865. Baker SS, Borowitz D, Duffy D: Pancreatic enzyme therapy and clinical outcomes in cystic fibrosis, J Pediatr 146:189–193, 2005.
  866. Borowitz D, Baker RD, Stallings V: Consensus report in nutrition for pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 35:246–259, 2002.
  867. Munck A, Duhamel J-F, Lamireau T, et al: Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for young cystic fibrosis patients, J Cyst Fibros 8:14–18, 2009.
  868. O’Sullivan BP, Baker D, Leung KG, et al: Evolution of pancreatic function during the first year in infants with cystic fibrosis, J Pediatr 162:808–812, 2013.
  869. The Medical Letter: Pancreatic enzyme replacement products, Med. Lett 59(1531):170, 2017.
  870. Abu-El-Haija M, Lin TK, Nathan JD: Management of acute pancreatitis in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 29:592–597, 2017.
  871. Abu-El-Haija M, Kumar S, Szabo F, et al: Classification of acute pancreatitis in the pediatric population: clinical report from the NASPGHAN pancreas committee, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64(6):984–990, 2017.
  872. Abu-El-Haija M, Wilhelm R, Heinzman C, et al: Early enteral nutrition in children with acute pancreatitis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 62:453–456, 2016.
  873. Adler DG: Surgery versus endoscopy for patients with infected pancreatic necrosis, Lancet 391:6–8, 2018.
  874. Bakker OJ, van Brunschot S, van Santvoort HC, et al: Early versus on-demand nasoenteric tube feeding in acute pancreatitis, N Engl J Med 371:1983–1992, 2014.
  875. Bierma MJ, Coffey MJ, Nightingale S, et al: Predicting severe acute pancreatitis in children based on serum lipase and calcium: A multicentre retrospective cohort study, Pancreatology 16:529–534, 2016.
  876. DiMagno MJ: Clinical update on fluid therapy and nutritional support in acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology 15:583–588, 2015.
  877. Kandula L, Lowe ME: Etiology and outcome of acute pancreatitis in infants and toddlers, J Pediatr 152:106–110, 2008.
  878. Lankisch PG, Apte M, Banks PA: Acute pancreatitis, Lancet 386:85–96, 2015.
  879. Lari?o-Noia J, Lindkvist B, Iglesias-Garc?a J, et al: Early and/or immediately full caloric diet versus standard refeeding in mild acute pancreatitis: a randomized open-label trial, Pancreatology 14:167–173, 2014.
  880. Morinville VD, Husain SZ, Bai H, et al: Definitions of pediatric pancreatitis and survey of present clinical practices, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55:261–265, 2012.
  881. Raizner A, Phatak UM, Baker K, et al: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in children, J Pediatr 161:788–792, 2013.
  882. Restrepo R, Hagerott HE, Kulkarni S, et al: Acute pancreatitis in pediatric patients: demographics, Etiology, and diagnostic imaging, AJR 206:632–644, 2016.
  883. Tenner S, Baillie J, De Witt J, et al: American college of gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis, Am J Gastroenterol 108:1400–1415, 2013.
  884. Van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, et al: Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotizing pancreatitis: a multicenter randomized trial, Lancet 391:51–58, 2018.
  885. Vaughn VM, Shuster D, Rogers MAM, et al: Early versus delayed feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis, Ann Intern Med 166(12):883–892, 2017.
  886. Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, et al: Lactated ringer’s solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:710–717, 2011.
  887. Yadav D, Nair S, Norkus EP, Pitchumoni CS: Nonspecific hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: incidence and correlation with biochemical abnormalities, Am J Gastroenterol 95(11):3123–3128, 2000.
  888. Cannon JW, Callery MP, Vollmer CM Jr: Diagnosis and management of pancreatic pseudocysts: what is the evidence?, J Am Coll Surg 209:385–393, 2009.
  889. Forsmark CE, Vege SS, Wilcox CM: Acute pancreatitis, N Engl J Med 375(20):1972–1981, 2016.
  890. Ramesh J, Bang JY, Trevino J, et al: Endoscopic ultrasound guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections in children, JPGN 56:30–35, 2013
  891. Chung EM, Travis MD, Conran RM: Pancreatic tumors in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation, Radiographics 26:1211–1238, 2006.
  892. Dekelbab B, Sperling M: Recent advances in hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, Acta Paediatr 95:1157–1164, 2006.
  893. Geetika K, O’Dorisio S, Menda Y, et al: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in children and young adults, Pediatr Radiol 38:251–259, 2008.
  894. van den Akker M, Angelini P, Taylor G, et al: Malignant pancreatic tumors in children: a single-institution series, J Pediatr Surg 4:681–687, 2012.
  895. Vassos N, Agaimy A, Klein P, et al: Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas: case series and literature review on an enigmatic entity, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 6(6):1051–1059, 2013.
  896. Bates MD, Balistreri WF: The gastrointestinal tract: development of the human digestive system. In Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ, editors: Neonatal-perinatal medicine: diseases of the fetus and infant, ed 7, St. Louis, 2002, Mosby, pp 1255–1263.
  897. Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, et al: The biliary tree-a reservoir of multipotent stem cells, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:231–240, 2012.
  898. Carpentier R, Su?er RE, van Hul N, et al: Embryonic ductal plate cells give rise to cholangiocytes, periportal hepatocytes, and adult liver progenitor cells, Gastroenterology 141:1432–1438, 2011.
  899. Halilbasic E, Baghdasaryan A, Trauner M: Nuclear receptors as drug targets in cholestatic liver diseases, Clin Liver Dis 17:161–189, 2013.
  900. Hirschfield GM, Heathcote EJ, Gershwin ME: Pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease and therapeutic approaches, Gastroenterology 139:1481–1496, 2010.
  901. Hofmann A: Bile acids: trying to understand their chemistry and biology with the hope of helping patients, Hepatology 49:1403–1418, 2009.
  902. Hofmann JJ, Zovein AC, Koh H, et al: Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome, Development 137:4061–4072, 2010.
  903. Lemaigre FP: Mechanisms of liver development: concepts for understanding liver disorders and design of novel therapies, Gastroenterology 137:62–79, 2009.
  904. Lemaigre F, Zaret KS: Liver development update: new embryo models, cell lineage control, and morphogenesis, Curr Opin Genet Dev 14:582–590, 2004.
  905. Raynaud P, Tate J, Callens C, et al: A classification of ductal plate malformations based on distinct pathogenic mechanisms of biliary dysmorphogenesis, Hepatology 53:1959–1966, 2011.
  906. Roskams T, Desmet V: Embryology of extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts, the ductal plate, Anat Rec 291:628–635, 2008.
  907. Strazzabosco M, Fabris LL: Development of the bile ducts: essentials for the clinical hepatologist, J Hepatol 56:1159–1170, 2012.
  908. Vestentoft PS, Jelnes P, Hopkinson BM, et al: Three-dimensional reconstructions of intrahepatic bile duct tubulogenesis in human liver, BMC Dev Biol 11:56, 2011.
  909. Wuestefeld T, Zaret K: Liver development: from endoderm to hepatocyte. In Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF, editors: Liver disease in children, ed 3, New York, 2007, Cambridge University Press, pp 3–13.
  910. Zaret KS: Regulatory phases of early liver development: paradigms of organogenesis, Nat Rev Genet 3:499–512, 2002.
  911. Bates MD, Balistreri WF: The gastrointestinal tract: development of the human digestive system. In Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ, editors: Neonatal-perinatal medicine: diseases of the fetus and infant, ed 7, St. Louis, 2002, Mosby, pp 1255–1263.
  912. Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, et al: The biliary tree-a reservoir of multipotent stem cells, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:231–240, 2012.
  913. Carpentier R, Su?er RE, van Hul N, et al: Embryonic ductal plate cells give rise to cholangiocytes, periportal hepatocytes, and adult liver progenitor cells, Gastroenterol­ogy 141:1432–1438, 2011.
  914. Halilbasic E, Baghdasaryan A, Trauner M: Nuclear receptors as drug targets in cholestatic liver diseases, Clin Liver Dis 17:161–189, 2013.
  915. Hirschfield GM, Heathcote EJ, Gershwin ME: Pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease and therapeutic approaches, Gastroenterology 139:1481–1496, 2010.
  916. Hofmann A: Bile acids: trying to understand their chemistry and biology with the hope of helping patients, Hepatology 49:1403–1418, 2009.
  917. Hofmann JJ, Zovein AC, Koh H, et al: Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome, Development 137:4061–4072, 2010.
  918. Lemaigre FP: Mechanisms of liver development: concepts for understanding liver disorders and design of novel therapies, Gastroenterology 137:62–79, 2009.
  919. Lemaigre F, Zaret KS: Liver development update: new embryo models, cell lineage control, and morphogenesis, Curr Opin Genet Dev 14:582–590, 2004.
  920. Raynaud P, Tate J, Callens C, et al: A classification of ductal plate malformations based on distinct pathogenic mechanisms of biliary dysmorphogenesis, Hepatology 53:1959–1966, 2011.
  921. Roskams T, Desmet V: Embryology of extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts, the ductal plate, Anat Rec 291:628–635, 2008.
  922. Strazzabosco M, Fabris LL: Development of the bile ducts: essentials for the clinical hepatologist, J Hepatol 56:1159–1170, 2012.
  923. Vestentoft PS, Jelnes P, Hopkinson BM, et al: Three-dimensional reconstructions of intrahepatic bile duct tubulogenesis in human liver, BMC Dev Biol 11:56, 2011.
  924. Wuestefeld T, Zaret K: Liver development: from endoderm to hepatocyte. In Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF, editors: Liver disease in children, ed 3, New York, 2007, Cambridge University Press, pp 3–13.
  925. Zaret KS: Regulatory phases of early liver development: paradigms of organogenesis, Nat Rev Genet 3:499–512, 2002.
  926. Ecochard-Dugelay E, Lambert V, Schleich JM, et al: Portopulmonary hypertension in liver disease presenting in childhood, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 61(3):346–354, 2015.
  927. Fussner LA, Krowka MJ: Current approach to the diagnosis and management of portopulmonary hypertension, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 18(6):29, 2016.
  928. Jensen MK, Alonso MH, Nathan J, et al: Liver transplantation in children: indications and surgical aspects. In Suchy FS, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF, editors: Liver disease in children, ed 4, Cambridge, 2013, Cambridge University Press.
  929. Kremer AE, Namer B, Bolier R, et al: Pathogenesis and management of pruritus in PBC and PSC, Dig Dis 33(Suppl 2):164–175, 2015.
  930. Low G, Alexander GJ, Lomas DJ: Hepatorenal syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment, Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015:207012, 2015.
  931. Shneider BL, de Ville de Goyet J, Leung DH, et al: Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children and the role of MesoRex bypass: summary of the Baveno VI Pediatric Satellite Symposium, Hepatology 63(4):1368–1380, 2016.
  932. Srivastava A, Chaturvedi S, Gupta RK, et al: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with chronic liver disease: prevalence, pathogenesis and magnetic resonance-based diagnosis, J Hepatol 2016 Nov 1. pii: S0168-8278.
  933. Suchy FJ, Sokol RJ, Balistreri WF: Liver disease in children, ed 4, Cambridge, 2013, Cambridge University Press.
  934. Al-Hussaini A, Faqeih E, El-Hattab A, et al: Clinical and molecular characteristics of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome associated with neonatal cholestasis and liver failure, J Pediatr 164:553–559, 2014.
  935. Bessho K, Bezerra JA: Biliary atresia: will blocking inflammation tame the disease?, Annu Rev Med 62:171–185, 2011.
  936. Bessho K: Complications and quality of life in long-term survivors of biliary atresia with their native livers, J Pediatr 167(6):1202–1206, 2015.
  937. Bezerra JA, Davenport M, et al: Biliary atresia and other cholestatic childhood diseases: advances and future challenges, J Hepatol 65(3):631–642, 2016.
  938. Bezerra JA, Spino C, Magee JC, et al: Use of corticosteroids after hepatoportoenterostomy for bile drainage in infants with biliary atresia: the START randomized clinical trial, JAMA 311:1750–1759, 2014.
  939. Brumbaugh D, Mack C: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in children, Pediatr Rev 33:291–302, 2012.
  940. Carlton VE, Harris BZ, Puffenberger EG, et al: Complex inheritance of familial hypercholanemia with associated mutations in TJP2 and BAAT, Nat Genet 34:91–96, 2003.
  941. Chardot C, Serinet MO: Prognosis of biliary atresia: what can be further improved, J Pediatr 148:432–435, 2006.
  942. Chen ST, Chen HL, Su YN, et al: Prenatal diagnosis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:1390–1393, 2008.
  943. Chiu CY, Chen PH, Chan CF, et al: Biliary atresia in preterm infants in Taiwan: a nationwide survey, J Pediatr 163:100–103, 2013.
  944. Clifton MS, Romero R, Ricketts RR: Button cholecystostomy for management of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes, J Pediatr Surg 46:304–307, 2011.
  945. Cowan E, Nandivada P, Puder M: Fish oil-based emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 25:193–200, 2013.
  946. Davenport M, Tizzard SA, Underhill J, et al: The biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome: a 28-year single-center retrospective study, J Pediatr 149:393–400, 2006.
  947. Gu YH, Yokoyama K, Mizuta K, et al: Stool color card screening for early detection of biliary atresia and long-term native liver survival: a 19-year cohort study in Japan, J Pediatr 166:897–902, 2015.
  948. Heissat S, Collardeau-Frachon S, Baruteau J, et al: Neonatal hemochromatosis: diagnostic work-up based on a series of 56 cases of fetal death and neonatal liver failure, J Pediatr 166:66–73, 2015.
  949. Heubi JE, Setchell KDR, Bove KE: Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism, Semin Liver Dis 27:282–294, 2007.
  950. Hinds R, Davenport M, Mieli-Vergani G, et al: Antenatal presentation of the biliary atresia, J Pediatr 144:43–46, 2004.
  951. Hopkins PC, Yazigi N, Nylund CM: Incidence of biliary atresia and timing of hepatoportoenterostomy in the United States, J Pediatr 187:253–257, 2017.
  952. Hussain MH, Alizai N, Patel B: Outcomes of laparoscopic kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia: a systematic review, J Pediatr Surg 52(2):264–267, 2017.
  953. Imanieh MH, Dehghani SM, Bagheri MH, et al: Triangular cord sign in detection of biliary atresia: is it a valuable sign?, Dig Dis Sci 55:172–175, 2010.
  954. Kamath BM, Bauer RC, Loomes KM, et al: NOTCH2 mutations in alagille syndrome, J Med Genet 49(2):138–144, 2012.
  955. Kamath BM, Schwarz KB, Hadzi? N: Alagille syndrome and liver transplantation, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50:11–15, 2010.
  956. Klomp LW, Vargas JC, van Mil SW, et al: Characterization of mutations in ATP8b1 associated with hereditary cholestasis, Hepatology 40:27–38, 2004.
  957. Lee WS, Sokol RJ: Mitochondrial hepatopathies: advances in genetics, therapeutic approaches, and outcomes, J Pediatr 163(4):942–948, 2013.
  958. Mack CL, Feldman AG, Sokol RJ: Clues to the etiology of bile duct injury in biliary atresia, Semin Liver Dis 32:307–316, 2012.
  959. Mack CL: What causes biliary atresia? Unique aspects of the neonatal immune system provide clues to disease pathogenesis, Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 1:267–274, 2015.
  960. Metzelder ML, Bottlander M, Melter M, et al: Laparoscopic partial external biliary diversion procedure in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: a new approach, Surg Endosc 19:1641–1643, 2015, 2005.
  961. Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Ueki I, et al: Molecular genetics and bile acid profiles in two Japanese patients with 3?-hydroxy-?5-c27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase deficiency, Pediatr Res 68:258–263, 2010.
  962. Muraji T, Hosala N, Irie N, et al: Maternal microchimerism in underlying pathogenesis of biliary atresia: quantification and phenotypes of maternal cells in the liver, Pediatrics 121:517–531, 2008.
  963. Santos JL, Choquette M, Bezerra JA: Cholestatic liver disease in children, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 12:30, 2010.
  964. Schneider BL, Magee JC, Bezerra JA, et al: Efficacy of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation in infants with biliary atresia, Pediatrics 130:e607–e614, 2012.
  965. Schreiber RA, Barker CC, Roberts EA, et al: Biliary atresia: the Canadian experience, J Pediatr 151:659–665, 2007.
  966. Serinet MO, Wildhaber BE, Broue P, et al: Impact of age at kasai operation on its results in late childhood and adolescence: a rational basis for biliary atresia screening, Pediatrics 123:1280–1286, 2009.
  967. Sheflin-Finding S, Annuziato RA, Chu J, et al: Liver transplantation for neonatal hemochromatosis: analysis of the UNOS database, Pediatr Transplant 19(2):164–169, 2015.
  968. Shih HH, Lin TM, Chuang JH, et al: Promotor polymorphism of the CD14 endotoxin receptor gene is associated with biliary atresia and idiopathic neonatal cholestasis, Pediatrics 116:437–441, 2005.
  969. Shneider BL, Brown MB, Haver B, et al: A multicenter study of the outcome of biliary atresia in the United States, 1997 to 2000, J Pediatr 148:467–474, 2006.
  970. Shneider BL, Magee JC, Bezerra JA, et al: Efficacy of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation in infants with biliary atresia, Pediatrics 130:e607–e614, 2012.
  971. Sokol RJ: Biliary atresia screening: why, when, and how?, Pediatrics 123:e951–e952, 2009.
  972. Taylor SA, Kelly S, Alonso EM, Whitington PF: The effects of gestational alloimmune liver disease on fetal and infant morbidity and mortality, J Pediatr 196:123–128, 2018.
  973. The Medical Letter: Cholic acid (cholbam) for bile acid synthesis disorders, Med Lett 58(1493):56, 2016.
  974. Togawa T, Sugiura T, Ito K, et al: Molecular genetics dissection and neonatal/infantile intrahepatic cholestasis using targeted next-generation sequencing, J Pediatr 171:171–177, 2016.
  975. Turnpenny PD, Ellard S: Alagille syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management, Eur J Hum Genet 20:251–257, 2012.
  976. Utterson EC, Shepherd RW, Sokol RJ, et al: Biliary atresia: clinical profiles, risk factors, and outcomes of 755 patients listed for liver transplantation, J Pediatr 147:180–185, 2005.
  977. van Mil SW, van der Woerd WL, van der Brugge G, et al: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 is caused by mutations in ABCB11, Gastroenterology 127:379–384, 2004.
  978. Whitington PF, Kelly S: Outcome of pregnancies at risk for neonatal hemochromatosis is improved by treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, Pediatrics 121:e1615–e1621, 2008.
  979. Willot S, Uhlein S, Michaud L, et al: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver function in children after successful surgery for biliary atresia, Pediatrics 122:e1236–e1241, 2008.
  980. Canu G, Minucci A, Zuppi C, et al: Gilbert and crigler najjar syndromes: an update of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene mutation database, Blood Cells Mol Dis 50(4):273–280, 2013.
  981. Claridge LC, Arnstrong MJ, Booth C, et al: Gilbert’s syndrome, BMJ 342:975–976, 2011.
  982. Farrar JS, Palais RA, Wittwer CT: Snapback primer genotyping of the gilbert syndrome UGT1A1 (TA)n promoter polymorphism by high-resolution melting, Clin Chem 57:1303–1310, 2011.
  983. Hafkamp AM: Orlistat treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Crigler-najjar disease: a randomized controlled trial, Pediatr Res 62:725–730, 2007.
  984. Hsieh TY, Shiu TY, Huang SM, et al: Molecular pathogenesis of Gilbert’s syndrome: decreased TATA-binding protein binding affinity of UGT1A1 gene promoter, Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:229–236, 2007.
  985. Hughes RD, Mitry RR, Dhawan A: Current status of hepatocyte transplantation, Transplantation 93:342–347, 2012.
  986. Memon N, Weinberger BI, Hegyi T, et al: Inherited disorders of bilirubin clearance, Ped Res 79(3):378–386, 2015.
  987. Ribes-Koninckx C, Ibars EP, Calzado Agrasot MA, et al: Clinical outcome of hepatocyte transplantation in four pediatric patients with inherited metabolic diseases, Cell Transplant 21:2267–2282, 2012.
  988. Uchiumi T, Tanamachi H, Kuchiwaki K, et al: Mutation and functional analysis of ABCC2/multidrug resistance protein 2 in a Japanese patient with Dubin-johnson syndrome, Hepatol Res 43(5):569–575, 2013.
  989. Van de Steeg E, Stranecky V, Hartmannova H, et al: Complete OATP1B1 and OAT1b3 deficiency causes human rotor syndrome by interrupting conjugated bilirubin reuptake into the liver, J Clin Invest 122:519–528, 2012.
  990. Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, et al: Wilson’s disease, Lancet 369:397–408, 2007.
  991. Chesi G, et al: Identification of p38 MAPK and JNK as new targets for correction of wilson disease-causing ATP7B mutants, Hepatology 63:1842–1859, 2016.
  992. Heinz Weiss K, Thurik F, Gotthardt DN, et al: Efficacy and safety of oral chelators in treatment of patients with wilson disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1028–1035, 2013.
  993. Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al: Screening for wilson disease in acute liver failure: a comparison of currently available diagnostic tests, Hepatology 48(4):1167–1174, 2008.
  994. Roberts EA, Schilsky ML: Diagnosis and treatment of wilson disease: an update, Hepatology 47:2089–2111, 2008.
  995. Rodriguez B, Burguera J, Berenuer M: Response to different therapeutic approaches in wilson disease. A long-term follow up study, Ann Hepatol 11:907–914, 2012.
  996. Rodriguez-Castro KI, et al: Wilson’s disease: a review of what we have learned, World J Hep 7(29):2859–2870, 2015.
  997. Taly AB, Meenakshi-Sundaram S, Sinha S, et al: Wilson disease. Description of 282 patients evaluated over 3 decades, Medicine (Baltimore) 82:112–121, 2007.
  998. Zhang S, Chen S, Li W, et al: Rescue of ATP7B in hepatocyte-like cells from Wilson’s disease induced pluripotent stem cells using gene therapy or the chaperone drug curcumin, Hum Mol Genet 20:3176–3187, 2011.
  999. Nayak NC, Chitale AR: Indian childhood cirrhosis and ICC-like disease: the changing scenario of facts versus notions, Indian J Med Res 137(6):1029–1042, 2013.
  1000. Patra S, Vij M, Kancherala R, et al: Is Indian childhood cirrhosis an extinct disease now?—an observational study, Indian J Pediatr 80(8):651–654, 2013.
  1001. Sriramachari S, Nayak NC: Indian childhood cirrhosis: several dilemmas resolved, Indian J Med Res 128:93–96, 2008.
  1002. Tao TY, Gitlin JD: Hepatic copper metabolism: insights from genetic disease, Hepatology 37:1241–1247, 2003.
  1003. Feldman AG, Whitington PF: Neonatal hemochromatosis, J Clin Exp Hepatology 4(3):313–320, 2013.
  1004. Rand EB, Karpen SJ, Kelly S, et al: Treatment of neonatal hemochromatosis with exchange transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulin, J Pediatr 155:566–571, 2009.
  1005. Whitington PF, Kelly S: Outcome of pregnancies at risk for neonatal hemochromatosis is improved by treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, Pediatrics 121:e1615–e1621, 2008.
  1006. Chen ST, Su YN, Ni YH, et al: Diagnosis of neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency using high-resolution melting analysis and a clinical scoring system, J Pediatr 161:626–631, 2012.
  1007. Lomas DA, Hurst JR, Gooptu B: Update on alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: new therapies, J Hepatology 65:413–424, 2016.
  1008. Nelson D, Teckman J, Di Bisceglie A, et al: Diagnosis and management of patients with ?1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:575–580, 2012.
  1009. Ohura T, Kobayash Y, Tazawa D, et al: Clinical pictures of 75 patients with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD), J Inherit Metab Dis 30:139–144, 2007.
  1010. Silverman GA, Pak SC, Perlmutter DH: Disorders of protein misfolding: alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency as prototype, J Pediatr 163:320–326, 2013.
  1011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hepatitis A vaccination coverage among children aged 24–35 months—United States, 2006 and 2007, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58:689–694, 2009.
  1012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update: prevention of hepatitis A after exposure to hepatitis A virus and in international travelers. Updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:1080–1084, 2007.
  1013. Ciocca M, Moreira-Silva SF, Alegria S, et al: Hepatitis A as an etiologic agent of acute liver failure in latin America, Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:711–716, 2007.
  1014. Dorell CG, Yankey D, Byrd KK, et al: Hepatitis A vaccination coverage among adolescents in the United States, Pediatrics 129:213–221, 2012.
  1015. Koslap-Petraco MB, Shub M, Judelsohn R: Hepatitis A: disease burden and current childhood vaccination strategies in the united states, J Pediatr Health Care 22:3–11, 2008.
  1016. Lieberman JM, Word BM, Jacobs RJ, et al: Universal hepatitis A vaccination in the United States: a call for action, Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:287–291, 2008.
  1017. Nelson NP: Updated dosing instruction for immune globulin (human) gamaSTAN S/D for hepatitis A virus prophylaxis, MMWR 66(36):959–960, 2017.
  1018. Sharapov UM, Bulkow LR, Negus SE, et al: Persistence of hepatitis A vaccine induced seropositivity in infants and young children by maternal antibody status: 10-year follow-up, Hepatology 56:516–522, 2012.
  1019. Victor JC, Monto AS, Surdina TY, et al: Hepatitis A vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis, N Engl J Med 357:1685–1694, 2007.
  1020. Chen HL, Lin LH, Hu FC, et al: Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV, Gastroenterology 142:773–781, 2012.
  1021. Cooke GS, Main J, Thursz MR: Treatment for hepatitis B, BMJ 340:87–90, 2010.
  1022. D’Antiga L, Aw M, Mieli-Vergani G, et al: Combined lamivudine/interferon alpha treatment in immunotolerant children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study, J Pediatr 148:228–233, 2006.
  1023. Falade-Nwulia O, Seaberg EC, Rinalso CR, et al: Comparative risk of liver-related mortality from chronic hepatitis B versus chronic hepatitis C virus infection, Clin Infect Dis 55:507–513, 2012.
  1024. Haber BA, Block JM, Jonas MM, et al: Recommendations for screening, monitoring, and referral of pediatric chronic hepatitis B, Pediatrics 124:e1007–e1013, 2009.
  1025. Jonas MM, Block JM, Haber BA, et al: Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: patient selection and therapeutic options, Hepatology 52:2192–2205, 2010.
  1026. Kao JH, Chen DS: Hepatitis B vaccination: to boost or not to boost?, Lancet 366:1337–1338, 2005.
  1027. Lai CL, Yuen MF: Chronic hepatitis B—new goals, new treatment, N Engl J Med 359: 2488–2491, 2008.
  1028. Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, et al: Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study, Lancet 381:468–475, 2013.
  1029. McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, et al: Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program, Hepatology 54:801–807, 2011.
  1030. Moses J, Alkhouri N, Shannon A: Hepatitis B immunity and response to booster vaccination in children with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab, Am J Gastroenterol 107:133–138, 2012.
  1031. Murray KF, Shah U, Mohan N, et al: Chronic hepatitis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 47:225–233, 2008.
  1032. Murray KF, Szenborn L, Wysocki J, et al: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology 56:2018–2026, 2012.
  1033. Pan CQ, Duan Z, Dai E, et al: Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load, NEJM 374(24):2324–2334, 2016.
  1034. Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, et al: An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:452–459, 2012.
  1035. Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Dai E, et al: Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load, N Engl J Med 374(24):2324–2334, 2016.
  1036. Pan CQ, Han GR, Jiang HX, et al: Telbivudine prevents vertical transmission from HBeAg-positive women with chronic hepatitis B, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10: 520–526, 2012.
  1037. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al: Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, MMWR 67(1):1–29, 2018.
  1038. Shah U, Kelly D, Chang MH, et al: Management of chronic hepatitis B in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48:399–404, 2009.
  1039. Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J, et al: National institutes of health consensus development conference statement: management of hepatitis B, Ann Intern Med 150:104–109, 2009.
  1040. The Medical Letter: Telbivudine (Tyzeka) for chronic hepatitis B, Med Lett Drugs Ther 49:11–12, 2007.
  1041. Balistreri WF, Murray KF, Rosenthal P, et al: The safety and effectiveness of Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir in adolescents 12-17 years old with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection, Hepatology 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
  1042. Blackard JT, Shata MT, Shire NJ, et al: Acute hepatitis C virus infection: a chronic problem, Hepatology 47:321–331, 2008.
  1043. Bortolotti F, Verucchi G, Camma C, et al: Long-term course of chronic hepatitis C in children: from viral clearance to end-stage liver disease, Gastroenterology 134:1900–1907, 2008.
  1044. Bourliore M, Gordon SC, Flamm SL, et al: Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir for previously treated HCV infection, N Engl J Med 376(22):2134–2146, 2017.
  1045. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Testing for HCV infections: an update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62(18):362–364, 2013.
  1046. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Increased hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection in women of childbearing age and potential risk for vertical transmission—United States and kentucky, 2011-2014, MMWR 65(28):705–710, 2016.
  1047. Delgado-Borrego A, Smith L, Jonas MM, et al: Expected and actual case ascertainment and treatment rates for children infected with hepatitis C in Florida and the United States: epidemiologic evidence from statewide and nationwide surveys, J Pediatr 161:915–921, 2012.
  1048. Dusheiko G, Burney T: Hepatitis C treatment: interferon free or interferon freer?, Lancet 381:2063–2065, 2013.
  1049. Federal Drug Administration: FDA approves Mavyret for hepatitis C.
  1050. Federal Drug Administration: FDA approves two hepatitis C drugs for pediatric patients.
  1051. Fernandez-Rodriguez CM, Alonso S, Martinez SM, et al: Peginterferon plus ribavirin and sustained virological response in HCV-related cirrhosis: outcomes and factors predicting response, Am J Gastroenterol 105:2164–2172, 2010.
  1052. Hoofnagle JH: A step forward in therapy for hepatitis C, N Engl J Med 360(18):1899–1901, 2009.
  1053. Indolfi G, Serranti D, Resti M: Direct-acting antivirals for children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C, Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2:298–304, 2018.
  1054. Jacobson IM, Gordon SC, Kowdley KV, et al: Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 in patients without treatment options, N Engl J Med 368:1867–1876, 2013.
  1055. Jacobson IM, Lim JK, Fried MW: American gastroenterological association institute clinical practice update—expert review: care of patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection, Gastroenterology 152(6):1578–1587, 2017.
  1056. Janssen HLA, Reesink HW, Lawitz EJ, et al: Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA, N Engl J Med 368:1685–1694, 2013.
  1057. Jonas MM, Balistreri W, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, et al: Pegylated interferon for chronic hepatitis C in children affects growth and body composition: results from the pediatric study of hepatitis C (PEDS-C) trial, Hepatology 56:523–531, 2012.
  1058. Kowdley KV, Lawitz E, Crespo I, et al: Sofosbuvir with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for treatment-na?ve patients with hepatitis C genotype-1 infection (ATOMIC): an open-label, randomized, multicenter phase 2 trial, Lancet 381:2100–2106, 2013.
  1059. Liang TJ, Ghany MG: Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection, N Engl J Med 368:1907–1916, 2013.
  1060. Lok AS, Gardiner DF, Lawitz E, et al: Preliminary study of two antiviral agents for hepatitis C genotype 1, N Engl J Med 366:216–224, 2012.
  1061. Ly KN, Jiles RB, Teshale EH, et al: Hepatitis C virus infection among reproductive-ages women and children in the United States, 2006 to 2014, Ann Intern Med 166:775–782, 2017.
  1062. Mack CL, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Gupta N, et al: NASPGHAN practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of hepatitis C infection in infants, children, and adolescents, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54:838–855, 2012.
  1063. Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath PJ: Acute hepatitis C, Lancet 372:321–332, 2008.
  1064. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, et al: Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection, N Engl J Med 360:1827–1838, 2009.
  1065. McHutchison JG, Lawitz EJ, Shiffman ML, et al: Peginterferon alfa-2b or alfa 2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C infection, N Engl J Med 361:580–592, 2009.
  1066. Milazzo L, Antinori S: STAT-C: a full revolution or just a step forward, Lancet 376:662–663, 2010.
  1067. Muir AJ, Shiffman ML, Zaman A, et al: Phase 1b study of pegylated interferon lambda 1 with or without ribavirin in patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection, Hepatology 52:822–832, 2010.
  1068. Nash KL, Bentley I, Hirschfield GM: Managing hepatitis C virus infection, BMJ 339:37–42, 2009.
  1069. Nwaohiri A, Schillie S, Bulterys M: Towards elimination of hepatitis C virus infection in children, Lancet 2:235–236, 2018.
  1070. Osinusi A, Meissner EG, Lee YJ, et al: Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 1 in patients with unfavorable treatment characteristics, JAMA 310:804–811, 2013.
  1071. Pacanowski M, Amur S, Zineh I: New genetic discoveries and treatment for hepatitis C, JAMA 307:1921–1922, 2012.
  1072. Poordad F, Lawitz E, Kowdley KV, et al: Exploratory study of oral combination antiviral therapy for hepatitis C, N Engl J Med 368:45–52, 2013.
  1073. Rodriguez-Torres M, Jeffers LJ, Sheikh MY, et al: Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in latino and non-latino whites with hepatitis C, N Engl J Med 360:257–267, 2009.
  1074. Sarrazin C, Iskakov V, Svarovskaia ES, et al: Late relapse versus hepatitis C virus reinfection in patients with sustained virologic response after sofosbuvir-based therapies, CID 64:44–52, 2017.
  1075. Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945-1965, MMWR 61(4):1–32, 2012.
  1076. The Medical Letter: Drugs for hepatitis C, Med Lett Drugs Ther 54:81–82, 2012.
  1077. The Medical Letter: Mavyret and vosevi—two new combinations for chronic HCV infection, Med Lett 59(1531):166–168, 2017.
  1078. Watts T, Stockman L, Martin J, et al: Increased risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus among medicaid recipients—wisconsin, 2011-2015, MMWR 66(42):1136–1139, 2017.
  1079. Wiktor SZ, Scott JD: What is the impact of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection?, Lancet 390:107–108, 2017.
  1080. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Investigation of hepatitis E outbreak among refugees–upper nile, South Sudan, 2012-2013, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62:581–586, 2013.
  1081. Emerson SU, Purcell RH: Hepatitis E, Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:1147–1148, 2007.
  1082. Hepatitis E vaccine: Why wait?, Lancet 376:845, 2010.
  1083. Holmberg SD: Hepatitis E vaccine: not a moment too soon, Lancet 376:849–850, 2010.
  1084. Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH: Hepatitis E, N Engl J Med 367:1237–1244, 2012.
  1085. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al: Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients, N Engl J Med 385:811–817, 2008.
  1086. Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, et al: Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994, J Infect Dis 200:48–56, 2009.
  1087. Chavez-Tapia NC, Hernandez-Calleros J, Tellez-Avila FI, et al: Image-guided percutaneous procedure plus metronidazole versus metronidazole alone for uncomplicated amoebic liver abscess, Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):Article number CD004886, 2009.
  1088. Du ZQ, Zhang LN, Lu Q, et al: Clinical characteristics and outcome of pyogenic liver abscess with different size: 15-year experience from a single center, Sci Rep 6:35890, 2016.
  1089. Fotedar R, Stark D, Beebe N, et al: Laboratory diagnostic techniques for entamoeba species, Clin Microbiol Rev 20:511–532, 2007.
  1090. Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB: Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:1032–1038, 2004.
  1091. Liu L, Chen W, Lu X, et al: Pyogenic liver abscess: a retrospective study of 105 cases in an emergency department from east China, J Emerg Med 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.09.026. [Epub ahead of print].
  1092. Lobbert C, Wiegand J, Karlas T: Therapy of liver abscesses, Viszeralmedizin 30:334–341, 2014.
  1093. Mavilia MG, Molina M, Wu GY: The evolving nature of hepatic abscess: a review, J Clin Transl Hepatol 4:158–168, 2016.
  1094. Semerci SY, Babayigit A, Cebeci B, et al: Hepatic abscesses in preterm infants: report of three cases and review of the literature, J Trop Pediatr 62:255–260, 2016.
  1095. Stanley SL: Amoebiasis, Lancet 361:1025–1034, 2003.
  1096. Tsai F-C, Huang Y-T, Chang L-Y, Wang J-T: Pyogenic liver abscess as endemic disease, Taiwan, Emerg Infect Dis 14:1592–1600, 2008.
  1097. Aubart M, Ou P, Elie C, et al: Longitudinal MRI and ferritin monitoring of iron overload in chronically transfused and chelated children with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 38(7):497–502, 2016. PMID 27548334.
  1098. Chandrakasan S, Filipovich AH: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, J Pediatr 163(5):1253–1259, 2013. PMID 23953723.
  1099. Franceschet I, Cazzagon N, Del Ross T, et al: Primary Sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease: an observational study in a Southern Europe population focusing on new therapeutic options, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(5):508–513, 2016. PMID 26872110.
  1100. Lee WS, Sokol RJ: Intestinal Microbiota, Lipids, and the Pathogenesis of Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease, J Pediatr 167(3):519–526, 2015.
  1101. Leffler DA, Green PH, Fasano A: Extraintestinal manifestations of coeliac disease, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(10):561–571, 2015. PMID 26260366.
  1102. Myers KC, Dandoy C, El-Bietar J, et al: Veno-occlusive disease of the liver in the absence of elevation in bilirubin in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 21(2):379–381, 2015. PMID 25300869.
  1103. Pichler J, Simchowitz V, Macdonald S, et al: Comparison of liver function with two new/mixed intravenous lipid emulsions in children with intestinal failure, Eur J Clin Nutr 68(10):1161–1167, 2014. PMID 24961544.
  1104. Pundi K, Pundi KN, Kamath PS, et al: Liver disease in patients after the Fontan operation, Am J Cardiol 117(3):456–460, 2016. PMID:26704027.
  1105. Richardson PG, Riches ML, Kernan NA, et al: Phase 3 trial of defibrotide for the treatment of severe vena-occlusive and multiorgan failure, Blood 127(13):1656–1665, 2016. PMID 26825712.
  1106. Sathe MN, Freeman AJ: Gastrointestinal, pancreatic and hepatibiliary manifestations of cystic fibrosis, Pediatr Clin North Am 63(4):679–698, 2016. PMID 27469182.
  1107. Thorvaldson L, Remberger M, Winiarski J, et al: HLA, GVHD, and parenteral nutrition are risk factors for hepatic complications in pediatric HSCT, Pediatr Transplant 20(1):96–104, 2016. PMID 26518451.
  1108. Abdou RM, Zhu L, Baker RD, et al: Gut Microbiota of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Dig Dis Sci 61(5):1268–1281, 2016. PMID 26898658.
  1109. Africa JA, Newton KP, Schwimmer JB: Lifestyle interventions including nutrition, exercise, and supplements for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children, Dig Dis Sci 61(5):1375–1386, 2016. PMID 27041377.
  1110. Carbone LJ, Angus PW, Yeomans ND: Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 31(1):23–31, 2016. PMID 26111358.
  1111. Della Corte C, Mazzotta AR, Nobili V: Fatty liver disease and obesity in youth, Curr Open Endocrinol Obes 23(1):66–71, 2016. PMID 26702852.
  1112. Diehl AM, Day C: Cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, N Engl J Med 377(21):2063–2072, 2017.
  1113. Harrison SA, Rinella ME, Abdelmalek MF, et al: NGM282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter, ransomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, Lancet 391:1174–1184, 2018.
  1114. Himes RW, Barlow SE, Bove K, et al: Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency unmasked in two children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Pediatrics 138(4):e20160214, 2016.
  1115. Kohli R, Sunduram S, Mouzaki M, et al: Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a report from the expert committee on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (ECON), J Pediatr 172:9–13, 2016.
  1116. Schwimmer JB: Clinical advances in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology 63(5):1718–1725, 2016. PMID 27100147.
  1117. Yan Y, Hou D, Zhao X, et al: Childhood adiposity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adulthood, Pediatrics 139(4):e20162738, 2017.
  1118. Al-Hussaini A, Faqeih E, El-Hattab AW, et al: Clinical and molecular characteristics of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome associated with neonatal cholestasis and liver failure, J Pediatr 164:553–559, 2014.
  1119. Casey JP, McGettigan P, Lynam-Lennon N, et al: Identification of a mutation in LARS as a novel cause of infantile hepatopathy, Mol Genet Metab 106(3):351–358, [1096-7192] Casey yr:2012.
  1120. Casteels-Van Daele M, Van Geet C, Wounter C, et al: Reyes syndrome revisited: a descriptive term covering a group of heterogeneous disorders, Eur J Pediatr 159:641–648, 2000.
  1121. Ducluzeau PH, Lachaux A, Bouvier R, et al: Progressive reversion of clinical and molecular phenotype in a child with liver mitochondrial DNA depletion, J Hepatol 36:698–703, 2002.
  1122. Feldman AG, Sokol RJ, et al: Lactate and lactate: pyruvate ratio in the diagnosis and outcomes of pediatric acute liver failure, J Pediatr 2017 Jan 12. pii: S0022-3476(16)31430-5.
  1123. Hazard FK, Ficicioglu CH, Ganesh J, Ruchelli ED: Liver pathology in infantile mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, Pediatr Dev Pathol 16:415–424, 2013.
  1124. Karadimus CL, Vu TH, Holve SA, et al: Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene, Am J Hum Genet 79:544–548, 2006.
  1125. Lee WS, Sokol RJ: Mitochondrial hepatopathies: advances in genetics and pathogenesis, Hepatology 45:1555–1565, 2007.
  1126. Lee WS, Sokol RJ: Mitochondrial hepatopathies: advances in genetics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes, J Pediatr 163:942–948, 2013.
  1127. Mancuso M, Filosto M, Tsujino S, et al: Muscle glycogenosis and mitochondrial hepatopathy in an infant with mutations in both the myophosphorylase and deoxyguanosine kinase genes, Arch Neurol 60:1445–1447, 2003.
  1128. Marzia B, Teresa R, Daniela V, et al: Novel large-range mitochondrial DNA deletions and fatal multisystemic disorder with prominent hepatopathy, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 415:300–304, 2011.
  1129. McFarland R, Hudson G, Taylor RW, et al: Reversible valproate hepatotoxicity due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase ? (POLG1), Arch Dis Child 93:151–153, 2008.
  1130. Molleston JP1, Sokol RJ, Karnsakul W, et al: Evaluation of the child with suspected mitochondrial liver disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 57(3):269–276, 2013. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31829ef67a.
  1131. Nguyen RK, Sharief FS, Chan SSL, et al: Molecular diagnosis of Alpers syndrome, J Hepatol 45:108–116, 2006.
  1132. Parikh S, et al: Solid organ transplantation in primary mitochondrial disease: proceed with caution, Mol Genet Metab 118(3):178–184, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.009.
  1133. Rahman S: Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of mitochondrial disorders, J Inherit Metab Dis 36:659–673, 2013.
  1134. Spinazzola A, Santer R, Akman OH, et al: Hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, Arch Neurol 65(8):1108–1113, 2008.
  1135. Vineta F, Heike K: Mitochondrial hepatopathies in the newborn period, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 16:222–228, 2011.
  1136. Jimenez-Rivera C., Ling S.C., Ahmed N., et al: Incidence and characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis, Pediatrics 136:e1237–e1248, 2015.
  1137. Kerkar N., Yanni G.: ‘De novo’ and ‘recurrent’ autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation: a comprehensive review, J Autoimmun 66:17–24, 2016.
  1138. Liberal R., Grant C.R., Longhi M.S., et al: Diagnostic criteria of autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmun Rev 13:435–440, 2014.
  1139. Liberal R., Krawitt E.L., Vierling J.M., et al: Cutting edge issues in autoimmune hepatitis, J Autoimmun 75:6–19, 2016.
  1140. Longhi M.S., Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D.: Autoimmune hepatitis, Curr Pediatr Rev 10:268–274, 2014.
  1141. Maggiore G., Socie G., Sciveres M., et al: Seronegative autoimmune hepatitis in children: spectrum of disorders, Dig Liver Dis 48:785–791, 2016.
  1142. Rodrigues A.T., Liu P.M., Fagundes E.D., et al: Clinical characteristics and prognosis in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndrome, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 63:76–81, 2016.
  1143. Zizzo A.N., Valentino P.L., Shah P.S., Kamath B.M.: Second-line agents in pediatric patients with autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 65(1):6–15, 2017.
  1144. Alfirevic A, Pirmohamed M: Genomics of adverse drug reactions, Trends Pharmacol Sci 38:100–109, 2017.
  1145. Amin MD, Harpavat S, Leung DH: Drug-induced liver injury in children, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:625–633, 2015.
  1146. Conrad MA, Cui J, Lin HC: Sertraline-associated cholestasis and ductopenia consistent with vanishing bile duct syndrome, J Pediatr 169:313–315, 2016.
  1147. Goodman ZD: Phenotypes and pathology of Drug-induced liver disease, Clin Liver Dis 21:89–101, 2017.
  1148. Haslan H, Suhaimi FH, Das S: Herbal supplements and hepatotoxicity: A short review, Nat Prod Commun 10:1779–1784, 2015.
  1149. Hines RN: Developmental expression of drug metabolizing enzymes: impact on disposition in neonates and young children, Int J Pharm 452:3–7, 2013.
  1150. Navarro V, Khan I, Bjornsson E, et al: Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements, Hepatology 65(1):363–373, 2017.
  1151. Ocete-Hita E, Salmeron-Fernandez MJ, Urrutia-Maldonado E, et al: Analysis of immunogenetic factors in idiosyncratic Drug-induced liver injury in the paediatric population, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64(5):742–747, 2017.
  1152. Ricciuto A, Kamath BM, Walters TD, et al: New onset autoimmune hepatitis during anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment in children, J Pediatr 194:128–135, 2018.
  1153. Tailor A, Faulkner L, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK: The chemical, genetic and immunological basis of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, Hum Exp Toxicol 34:1310–1317, 2015.
  1154. Asrani SK, Simonetto DA, Kamath PS: Acute-on-chronic liver failure, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:2128–2139, 2015.
  1155. Bigelow AM, Scott JP, Hong JC, et al: Human parechovirus as a cause of isolated pediatric acute liver failure, Pediatrics 138(5):e20160233, 2016.
  1156. Bitar R, Thwaites R, Davison S, et al: Liver failure in early infancy: aetiology, Presentation, and outcome, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64:70–75, 2017.
  1157. Cardenas V, DiPaola F, Adams SD, et al: Acute liver failure secondary to neuroblastoma amplified sequence deficiency, J Pediatr 186:179–182, 2017.
  1158. Feldman AG, Sokol RJ, Hardison RM, et al: Lactate and lactate: pyruvate ration in the diagnosis and outcomes of pediatric acute liver failure, J Pediatr 182:217–222, 2017.
  1159. Feldman AG, Whitington PF: Neonatal hemochromatosis, J Clin Exp Hepatol 3:313–320, 2013.
  1160. Jain V, Dhawan A: Prognostic modeling in pediatric acute liver failure, Liver Transplant 22:1418–1430, 2016.
  1161. Jimenez-Rivera C, Nightingale S, Benchimol EI, et al: Outcomes in infants listed for liver transplantation: a retrospective cohort study using the united network for organ sharing database, Pediatr Transplant 20:904–911, 2016.
  1162. Kathemann S, Bechmann LP, Sowa JP, et al: Etiology, outcome and prognostic factors of childhood acute liver failure in a german single center, Ann Hepatol 14:722–728, 2015.
  1163. Li R, Belle SH, Horslen S, et al: Clinical course among cases of acute liver failure of indeterminate diagnosis, J Pediatr 171:163–170, 2016.
  1164. Li R, Belle SH, Horslen S, et al: Pediatric acute liver failure study G. Clinical course among cases of acute liver failure of indeterminate diagnosis, J Pediatr 171:163–170, e161–e163, 2016.
  1165. Lu BR, Gralla J, Liu E, et al: Evaluation of a scroing system for assessing prognosis in pediatric acute liver failure, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(10):1140–1145, 2008.
  1166. Narkewicz MR, Horslen S, Belle SH, et al: Prevalence and significance of autoantibodies in children with acute liver failure, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64:210–217, 2017.
  1167. Ng VL, Li R, Loomes KM, et al: Outcomes of children with and without hepatic encephalopathy from the pediatric acute liver failure study group, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 63:357–364, 2016.
  1168. Sorensen LG, Neighbors K, Zhang S, et al: Neuropsychological functioning and health-related quality of life: pediatric acute liver failure study group results, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 60:75–83, 2015.
  1169. Staufner C, Haack TB, Kopke MG, et al: Recurrent acute liver failure due to NBAS deficiency: phenotypic spectrum, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic concepts, J Inherit Metab Dis 39:3–16, 2016.
  1170. Taylor SA, Whitington PF: Neonatal acute liver failure, Liver Transpl 22:677–685, 2016.
  1171. Uchida H, Sakamoto S, Fukuda A, et al: Sequential analysis of variable markers for predicting outcomes in pediatric patients with acute liver failure, Hepatology Res 47:1241–1251, 2017.
  1172. Wijdicks EFM: Hepatic encephalopathy, N Engl J Med 375(17):1660–1670, 2016.
  1173. Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Mi Q, et al: Data-driven modeling for precision medicine in pediatric acute liver failure, Mol Med 22:2016.
  1174. Cnossen WR, Drenth JP: Polycystic liver disease: an overview of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management, Orphanet J Rare Dis 9:69, 2014.
  1175. Guay-Woodford LM, Bissler JJ, Braun MC, et al: Consensus expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: report of an international conference, J Pediatr 165:611–617, 2014.
  1176. Gunay-Aygun M, Font-Montgomery E, Lukose L, et al: Characteristics of congenital hepatic fibrosis in a large cohort of patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Gastroenterology 144:112–121 e112, 2013.
  1177. Hartung EA, Guay-Woodford LM: Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: a hepatorenal fibrocystic disorder with pleiotropic effects, Pediatrics 134:e833–e845, 2014.
  1178. Hogan MC, Abebe K, Torres VE, et al: Liver involvement in early autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:155–164 e156, 2015.
  1179. Hoyer PF: Clinical manifestations of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Curr Opin Pediatr 27:186–192, 2015.
  1180. Lewis VA, Adam SZ, Nikolaidis P, et al: Imaging of choledochal cysts, Abdom Imaging 40:1567–1580, 2015.
  1181. Martin RF: Biliary cysts: a review and simplified classification scheme, Surg Clin North Am 94:219–232, 2014.
  1182. Nordin AB, Fallon SC, Carter BA, Brandt ML: Congenital hepatic cyst with antenatal diagnosis: a case report and literature review, Pediatr Surg Int 29:847–850, 2013.
  1183. Ohashi T, Wakai T, Kubota M, et al: Risk of subsequent biliary malignancy in patients undergoing cyst excision for congenital choledochal cysts, J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28:243–247, 2013.
  1184. Park E, Lee JM, Ahn YH, et al: Hepatorenal fibrocystic diseases in children, Pediatr Nephrol 31:113–119, 2016.
  1185. Rawat D, Kelly DA, Milford DV, et al: Phenotypic variation and long-term outcome in children with congenital hepatic fibrosis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 57:161–166, 2013.
  1186. Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM, Soares KC, Ejaz A, Pawlik TM: Management of choledochal cysts, Curr Opin Gastroenterol 32:225–231, 2016.
  1187. Soares KC, Arnaoutakis DJ, Kamel I, et al: Choledochal cysts: presentation, clinical differentiation, and management, J Am Coll Surg 219:1167–1180, 2014.
  1188. Srinath A, Shneider BL: Congenital hepatic fibrosis and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54:580–587, 2012.
  1189. Wong JK, Campbell D, Ngo ND, et al: Genetic study of congenital bile-duct dilatation identifies de novo and inherited variants in functionally related genes, BMC Med Genomics 9:75, 2016.
  1190. Zhang DY, Fei Z, Shen XZ, et al: Caroli’s disease: a report of 14 patients and review of the literature, J Dig Dis 13:491–495, 2012.
  1191. Cotton PB, Elta GH, Carter CR, et al: Gallbladder and sphincter of oddi disorders, Gastroenterology 2016.
  1192. Johnson JJ, Garwe T, Katseres N, Tuggle DW: Preoperative symptom duration predicts success in relieving abdominal pain caused by biliary dyskinesia in a pediatric population, J Pediatr Surg 48:796–800, 2013.
  1193. Kelley-Quon LI, Dokey A, Jen HC, Shew SB: Complications of pediatric cholecys­tectomy: impact from hospital experience and use of cholangiography, J Am Coll Surg 218:73–81, 2014.
  1194. Kiewiet JJS, Leeuwenburgh MMN, Bipat S, et al: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of imaging in acute cholecystitis, Radiology 264(3):708–720, 2012.
  1195. Lee JH, No YE, Lee YJ, et al: Acalculous diffuse gallbladder wall thickening in children, Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 17:98–103, 2014.
  1196. Mahida JB, Sulkowski JP, Cooper JN, et al: Prediction of symptom improvement in children with biliary dyskinesia, J Surg Res 198:393–399, 2015.
  1197. Poddighe D, Tresoldi M, Licari A, Marseglia GL: Acalculous acute cholecystitis in previously healthy children: general overview and analysis of pediatric infectious cases, Int J Hepatol 2015:459608, 2015.
  1198. Rothstein DH, Harmon CM: Gallbladder disease in children, Semin Pediatr Surg 25:225–231, 2016.
  1199. Santucci NR, Hyman PE, Harmon CM, et al: Biliary dyskinesia in children: a systematic review, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64:186–193, 2017.
  1200. Suchy FJ: Anatomy, anomalies and pediatric disorders of the biliary tract. In Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, editors: Gastrointestinal and liver disorders, ed 10, Philadelphia, 2016, WB Saunders, pp 1055–1077.
  1201. Walker SK, Maki AC, Cannon RM, et al: Etiology and incidence of pediatric gallbladder disease, Surgery 154:927–931, 2013, discussion 931-923.
  1202. Bozic MA, Puri K, Molleston JP: Screening and prophylaxis for varices in children with liver disease, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 17:27, 2015.
  1203. Duche M, Ducot B, Ackermann O, et al: Portal hypertension in children: high-risk varices, primary prophylaxis and consequences of bleeding, J Hepatol 66:320–327, 2017.
  1204. Ecochard-Dugelay E, Lambert V, Schleich JM, et al: Portopulmonary hypertension in liver disease presenting in childhood, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 61:346–354, 2015.
  1205. Ge PS, Runyon BA: Treatment of patients with cirrhosis, N Engl J Med 375(8):767–777, 2016.
  1206. Gugig R, Rosenthal P: Management of portal hypertension in children, World J Gastroenterol 18(11):11, 2012.
  1207. Jeanniard-Malet O, Duche M, Fabre A: Survey on clinical practice of primary prophylaxis in portal hypertension in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016.
  1208. Lv Y, He C, Guo W, et al: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 62:233–241, 2016.
  1209. McKiernan P, Abdel-Hady M: Advances in the management of childhood portal hypertension, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:575–583, 2015.
  1210. Ng NB, Karthik SV, Aw MM, Quak SH: Endoscopic evaluation in children with end-stage liver disease-associated portal hypertension awaiting liver transplant, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 63:365–369, 2016.
  1211. Pimenta JR, Ferreira AR, Fagundes ED, et al: Factors associated with bleeding secondary to rupture of esophageal varices in children and adolescents with cirrhosis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64:e44–e48, 2017.
  1212. Pinto RB, Schneider AC, da Silveira TR: Cirrhosis in children and adolescents: an overview, World J Hepatol 7:392–405, 2015.
  1213. Shneider BL, de Ville de Goyet J, Leung DH, et al: Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children and the role of MesoRex bypass: summary of the Baveno VI Pediatric Satellite Symposium, Hepatology 63:1368–1380, 2016.
  1214. Sood V, Lal BB, Khanna R, et al: Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis in pediatric population, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016.
  1215. Tantemsapya N, Superina R, Wang D, et al: Hepatic histology and morphometric measurements in idiopathic extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in children, correlated to clinical outcome of Meso-Rex bypass, Ann Surg 2016.
  1216. Abt PL, Rapaport-Kelz R, Desai NM, et al: Survival among pediatric liver transplant recipients: impact of segmental grafts, Liver Transpl 10(10):1287–1293, 2004.
  1217. Austin MT, Leys CM, Feurer ID, et al: Liver transplantation for childhood hepatic malignancy: a review of the united network for organ sharing (UNOS) database, J Pediatr Surg 41(1):182–186, 2006.
  1218. Baliga P, Alvarez S, Lindblad A, et al: Posttransplant survival in pediatric fulminant hepatic failure: the SPLIT experience, Liver Transpl 10(11):1364–1371, 2004.
  1219. Banff Working Group, Demetris AJ: Liver biopsy interpretation for causes of late liver allograft dysfunction, Hepatology 44(2):489–501, 2006.
  1220. Bucuvalas JD, Alonso E, Magee JC, et al: Improving long-term outcomes after liver transplantation in children, Am J Transplant 8:2506–2513, 2008.
  1221. Calne RY: Early days of liver transplantation, Am J Transplant 8(9):1775–1778, 2008.
  1222. Chardot C, Serinet M-O: Prognosis of biliary atresia: what can be further improved?, J Pediatr 148(4):432–435, 2006.
  1223. Dell-Olio D, Kelly DA: Calcineurin inhibitor minimization in pediatric liver allograft recipients, Pediatr Transplant 13:670–681, 2009.
  1224. Freeman RB, Wiesner RH, Roberts JP, et al: Improving liver allocation: MELD and PELD, Am J Transplant 4(Suppl 9):114–131, 2004.
  1225. Horslen S, Barr ML, Christensen LL, et al: Pediatric transplantation in the United States, 1996–2005, Am J Transplant 7(Suppl 1):1339–1358, 2007.
  1226. Jain A, Mazariegos G, Kashyap R, et al: Comparative long-term evaluation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in pediatric liver transplantation, Transplantation 70(4):617–625, 2000.
  1227. Kamdar KY, Rooney CM, Heslop HE: Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease following liver transplantation, Curr Opin Organ Transplant 16(3):274–280, 2011.
  1228. Martin SR, Atkison P, Anand R, et al: Studies of pediatric liver transplantation 2002: patient and graft survival and rejection in pediatric recipients of a first liver transplant in the United States and Canada, Pediatr Transplant 8(3):273–283, 2004.
  1229. Mcdiarmid SV, Anand R, Lindblad AS, et al: Development of a pediatric end-stage liver disease score to predict poor outcome in children awaiting liver transplantation, Transplantation 74(2):173–181, 2002.
  1230. Neuberger J, Gimson A: Selfless adults and split donor livers, Lancet 370:299–300, 2007.
  1231. Ng V, et al: Health status of children alive 10 years after pediatric liver transplanta­tion performed in the US and Canada: report of the studies of pediatric liver transplantation experience, J Pediatr 1–10, 2011.
  1232. Ng VL, Fecteau A, Shepherd R, et al: Outcomes of 5-year survivors of pediatric liver transplantation: report on 461 children from a north American multicenter registry, Pediatrics 122:e1128–e1135, 2008.
  1233. Otte JB, Pritchard J, Aronson DC, et al: Liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma: results from the international society of pediatric oncology (SIOP) study SIOPEL-1 and review of the world experience, Pediatr Blood Cancer 42(1):74–83, 2003.
  1234. Peeters PM, Sieders E, De Jong KP, et al: Comparison of outcome after pediatric liver transplantation for metabolic diseases and biliary atresia, Eur J Pediatr Surg 11(1):28–35, 2001.
  1235. Reyes J, Gerber D, Mazariegos GV, et al: Split liver transplantation: a comparison of ex vivo and in situ techniques, J Pediatr Surg 35(2):283–290, 2000.
  1236. Reyes J, Jain A, Mazariegos G, et al: Long-term results after conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation for acute and chronic rejection, Transplantation 69:2573–2580, 2000.
  1237. Sokal EM, Caragiozoglou T, et al: Epstein-barr virus serology and Epstein-barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric liver transplant recipients, Transplantation 56:1294, 1993.
  1238. Squires RH Jr, Shneider BL, Bucuvalas J, et al: Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group, J Pediatr 148(5):652–658, 2006.
  1239. Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Trucco M, et al: Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ transplantation: the basis of graft acceptance, Hepatology 17:1127–1152, 1993.
  1240. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN): Home page. http://www.unos.org.
  1241. Chang TS, Ricketts R, Abramowsky CR, et al: Mesenteric cystic masses: a series of 21 pediatric cases and review of the literature, Fetal Pediatr Pathol 30(1):2011.
  1242. Oelhafen KK, et al: Peritoneal bands: a review of anatomical distribution and clinical implications, Am Surg 78(4):377–384, 2012.
  1243. Pampal A, Yagmuriu A: Successful laparoscopic removal of mesenteric and omental cysts in toddlers: 3 cases with a literature review, J Pediatr Surg 47(8):e5–e8, 2012.
  1244. Tan JJ, Tan KK, Chew SP: Mesenteric cysts: an institution experience over 14 years and review of literature, World J Surg 33(9):1961–1965, 2009. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0133-0.
  1245. Wootton-Gorges SL, Thomas KB, Harned RK, et al: Giant cystic abdominal masses in children, Pediatr Radiol 35(12):1277–1288, 2005.
  1246. Zanchi C, Salierno P, Bellomo R: Primary acute omental torsion in an overweight girl, J Pediatr 160:525, 2012.
  1247. Aslam M, DeGrazia M, Gregory MLP: Diagnostic evaluation of neonatal ascites, Am J Perinatol 24:603–610, 2007.
  1248. Bhardwaj R, Vaziri H, Gautam A, et al: Chylous ascites: a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, J Clin Transl Hepatol 6(1):105–113, 2018.
  1249. Draganov PC, Senousy BE: Evaluation and management of patients with refractory ascites, World J Gastroenterol 15:67–80, 2009.
  1250. Giefer MJ, Murray KF, Colletti RB: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of pediatric ascites, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52(5):503–513, 2011.
  1251. Karnsakul W, Ingviya T, Seaberg E, et al: Ascites in children: a single-center experience of 27 years, JPGN 64(1):83–88, 2017.
  1252. Landmann E, Rau W, Vollerthun M, et al: Nonchylous lymphatic ascites after appendectomy, J Pediatr 149:425, 2006.
  1253. Sabri M, Saps M, Peters JM: Pathophysiology and management of pediatric ascites, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 5:240–246, 2003.
  1254. Steinemann DC, Dindo D, Clavien PA, et al: Atraumatic chylous ascites: systematic review on symptoms and causes, J Am Coll Surg 212:899–905, e1–e4, 2011.
  1255. Vieira SMG, Matte U, Kieling CO, et al: Infected and noninfected ascites in pediatric patients, JPGN 40:289–294, 2005.
  1256. Yildirim AE, Altun R, Can S, et al: Idiopathic chylous ascites treated with total parenteral nutrition and octreotide. A case report and review of the literature, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:961–963, 2011.
  1257. Singh S, Khardori NM: Intra-abdominal and pelvic emergencies, Med Clin North Am 96:1171–1191, 2012.
  1258. Runyon BA: Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update, Hepatology 49:2087–2107, 2009.
  1259. Singh S, Khardori NM: Intra-abdominal and pelvic emergencies, Med Clin North Am 96:1171–1191, 2012.
  1260. Singh S, Khardori NM: Intra-abdominal and pelvic emergencies, Med Clin North Am 96:1171–1191, 2012.
  1261. Warady BA, Bakkaloglu S, Newland J, et al: Consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections and peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: 2012 update, Perit Dial Int 32(Suppl 2):S32–S86, 2012.
  1262. Feagins LA, Holubar SD, Kane SV, et al: Current strategies in the management of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn’s disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:842–850, 2011.
  1263. Coats RD, Helikson MA, Burd RS: Presentation and management of epigastric hernias in children, J Pediatr Surg 35:1754–1756, 2000.
  1264. Neblett KW, Holcomb TM: Umbilical and other abdominal wall hernias. In Ashcraft KW, Holder TM, editors: Pediatric surgery, Philadelphia, 1993, WB Saunders, pp 557–561.
  1265. Richards AT, Quinn TH, Fitzgibbons RJ Jr: Epigastric hernias. In Mulholland MW, Lillemoe KD, Doherty GM, et al, editors: Greenfield’s surgery: scientific principles and practice, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp 1201–1202.
  1266. Skandalakis J, Gray SQW, Rickets R: The anterior abdominal wall. In Skandalakis JG, editor: Embryology for surgeons, ed 2, Baltimore, 1994, Williams & Wilkins, pp 540–593.

Òðóäû îòå÷åñòâåííûõ àâòîðîâ ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå ñòàòåé ïî ïåäèàòðèè äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ñàéòà - íå èñïîëüçîâàëèñü, òàê êàê èõ âû âñåãäà ìîæåòå íàéòè â áèáëèîòåêàõ.

- Âåðíóòüñÿ â ðàçäåë "Ïåäèàòðèÿ"

Ðåäàêòîð: Èñêàíäåð Ìèëåâñêè. Äàòà îáíîâëåíèÿ ïóáëèêàöèè: 30.4.2024

Ìåäóíèâåð Ìû â Telegram Ìû â YouTube Ìû â VK Ôîðóì êîíñóëüòàöèé âðà÷åé Êîíòàêòû, ðåêëàìà
Èíôîðìàöèÿ íà ñàéòå ïîäëåæèò êîíñóëüòàöèè ëå÷àùèì âðà÷îì è íå çàìåíÿåò î÷íîé êîíñóëüòàöèè ñ íèì.
Ñì. ïîäðîáíåå â ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîì ñîãëàøåíèè.