БоНТ-А - ботулинический нейротоксин типа А БоНТ-В - ботулинический нейротоксин типа В
ВИП - вазоактивный интестинальный полипептид
ДИКЖ - дерматологический индекс качества жизни
м.м. - молекулярная масса
ПГН - постгерпетическая невралгия
ЧСА - человеческий сывороточный альбумин
В ходе подготовки статей по ботулинотерапии и ботулиническим токсинам для пользователей сайта МедУнивер использованы труды следующих авторов:
Little AC, Jones ВС, and DeBruine LM. Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary based research. Philos Trans R Soc Lond В Biol Sci 2011; 366(1571): 1638-59.
Fink B, and Penton-Voak I. Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2002; 11(5): 154-8.
Bashour M. History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118(3): 741-56
Jackson LA. Physical Appearance and Gender: Sociobiological and Sociocultural Perspectives SUNY Series in the Psychology of Women. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Maestripieri D, Klimczuk ACE, Traficonte DM, and Wilson MC. A greater decline in female facial attractiveness during middle age reflects womens loss of reproductive value. Front Psychol 2014; 5(179): 1-6.
Parr LA, Waller BM, and Fugate J. Emotional communication in primates: Implications for neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005; 15(6): 716-20.
Jablonski NG. Skin: A Natural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006.
Le Grand R, Mondloch CJ, Maurer D, and Brent HP. Early visual experience and face processing. Nature 2001; 410: 890.
de Haan M, Pascalis O, and Johnson MH. Specialization of neural mechanisms underlying face recognition in human infants. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14(2): 199-209.
Ishai A, Schmidt CF, and Boesiger P. Face perception is mediated by a distributed cortical network. Brain Res Bull 2005; 67(1-2): 87-93.
Steiper ME, Young NM, and Sukarna TY. Genomic data support the hominoid slowdown and an Early Oligocene estimate for the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004; 101(49): 17021-26.
Huber E. Evolution of facial musculature and facial expression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1934; 79(1): 109.
Cattaneo L, and Pavesi G. The facial motor system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38: 135-59.
Darwin C. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 3 ed. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Ekman P. Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York, New York: Time Books, 2003.
Eckman P, and Friesen WV. Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975.
Du S, Tao Y, and Martinez AM. Compound facial expressions of emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2014; 111(15): E1454-62.
Braadbaart L, de Grauw H, Perrett DI, Waiter GD, and Williams JHG. The shared neural basis of empathy and facial imitation accuracy. NeuroImage 2014; 84: 367-75.
Dimberg U, Thunberg M, and Elmehed K. Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychol Sci 2000; 11(1): 86-9.
Pohl A, Anders S, Schulte-Ruther M, Mathiak K, and Kircher T. Positive facial affect - An fMRI study on the involvement of insula and amygdala. PLOS ONE 2013; 8(8): e69886.
Oberman LM, Winkielman P, and Ramachan-dran VS. Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Soc Neurosci 2007; 2(3-4): 167-78.
Niedenthal PM, Barsalou LW, Winkielman P, Krauth-Gruber S, and Ric F. Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2005; 9(3): 184-211.
Cole J. Empathy needs a face. J Conscious Stud 2001; 8(5-6): 51-68.
Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, and Grafton ST. Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: Towards a motor theory of empathy. NeuroImage 2004; 21(2): 601-7.
Corradini A, and Antonietti A. Mirror neurons and their function in cognitively understood empathy. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22(3): 1152-61.
Lewis MB. Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback. Emotion 2012; 12(4): 852-59.
Davis JI, Senghas A, Brandt F, and Ochsner KN. The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience. Emotion 2010; 10(3): 433-40.
Alam M, Barrett КС, Hodapp RM, and Arndt KA. Botulinum toxin and the facial feedback hypothesis: Can looking better make you feel happier? J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58(6): 1061-72.
Finzi E. The Face of Emotion: How Botox Affects Our Moods and Relationships. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Hennenlotter A, Dresel C, Castrop F, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Wohlschlflger AM, and Haslinger B. The link between facial feedback and neural activity within central circuitries of emotion—New insights from botulinum toxin-induced denervation of frown muscles. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19(3): 537-42.
Real Time with Bill Maher. 2015. I Wish My Teacher Knew ... April 25, 2015 [cited August 5, 2015]. Available from www.real-time-with-bill-maher-blog.com/index/2015/4/25/i-wish-my-teacher-knew.
Sinigaglia C, and Sparaci L. Emotions in action through the looking glass. J Anal Psychol 2010; 55(1): 3-29.
Crapanzano A. 2012. Frozen in Time. Marie Claire, December, 150-6.
Erbguth FJ. Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium Botulinum, Botulinum Toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Mov Disord 2004; 19: S3.
Kerner J. New Observations on the in Wurttem-berg Incipient Fatal Poisoning by the Consumption of Smoked Sausages. Tubingen: Osiander; 1820.
Kerner J. The Fat or the Fatty Acid and its Effects on the Animal Organism: An Inquiry for the Investigation of the Spoiled Sausages Toxic Substance. Stuttgart, Tubingen: Cotta; 1822.
Erbguth FJ. Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium Botulinum, Botulinum Toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Mov Disord 2004; 19: S6.
Van Ermengem EP. A new anaerobic bacillus and its relation to botulism. Rev Infect Dis 1979; 1: 701.
Burke GS. The occurrence of bacillus botulinus in nature. J Bacterial 1919; 4: 541.
Erbguth FJ. From poison to remedy: The Chequered history of botulinum toxin. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 562.
Snipe PT, Sommer H. Studies on botulinus toxin. 3. Acid preparation of botulinus toxin. J Infect Dis 1928; 43: 152.
Lamanna C, Eklund HW, McElroy OE. Botulinum toxin (type A); including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure. I Bacteriol 1946; 52: 1-13.
Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Botulinum toxin: The story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Perspect Biol Med 1997; 40: 317.
Ting PT, Freiman A. The story of Clostridium botulinum: From food poisoning to botox. Clin Med 2004; 4: 260.
Erbguth FJ. From poison to remedy: The Chequered history of botulinum toxin. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 563.
Scott FJ et al. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 1973; 12: 924.
Jampolsky A. What can electromyography do for the ophthalmologist? Invest Ophthalmol 1970; 8: 570.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmol 1980; 87:1044.
Tsui J et al. A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Can J Neurol Sci 1985; 12: 314.
Carruthers J, Stubbs HA. Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and age-related lower eyelid ectropion. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 42.
Tsui J et al. Production of circulating antibodies to botulinum a toxin in patients receiving repeated injections for dystonia. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 181.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. You want to inject what? Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: S2-8.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. Botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 17.
Blitzer A et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1018.
Keen M et al. Botulinum toxin A for hyperkinetic facial lines: Results of a double-blind, place-bo-controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 94: 94.
Lowe NJ et al. Botulinum A exotoxin for glabellar folds: A doubleblind, vehicle-controlled study with an electromyographic injection technique. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35: 569.
Kuczynski A. Drought over, Botox is Back. New York Times; 1997.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of cosmetic botulinum toxin. In: Botulinum Toxin, Carruthers A, Carruthers J (ed). New York: Elsevier; 2013, 16.
Carruthers JA et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. /Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 840.
Carruthers JD et al. Double-blind, placebo-con-trolled study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for patients with glabellar lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112: 1089.
Carruthers JDA, Kennedy RA, Bagaric D. Botulinum versus adjustable suture surgery in the treatment of horizontal misalignment in adult patients lacking fusion. JAMA Ophthalmol 1990; 108(10): 1432-5.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers JA, Bagaric D. Can ptosis Incidence be reduced after lid injections of botulinum A exotoxin for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Can J Ophthalmol 1995; 30: 147.
Carruthers JDA. The treatment of congenital nystagmus with Botox. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1995; 32(5): 306-8.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18(1): 17-21.
Huilgol SC, Carruthers A, Carruthers JDA. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25(5): 373-6.
Flynn TC, Carruthers A, Carruthers JDA. The use of the Ultra-Fine II short needles 0.3 cc insulin syringe for botulinum toxin injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(6): 931-3.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers JA, Zelichowska A. The power of combined therapies: BOTOX and ablative facial laser resurfacing. Am J Cosmetic Surg 2000; 17(3): 129-31.
Carruthers A, Langtry JAA, Carruthers JDA, Robinson G. Improvement of tension-type headache when treating wrinkles with botulinum toxin A injections. Headache 1999; 39: 662-5.
Carruthers A, Carruthers JDA. Aesthetic use of botulinum A exotoxin in the mid and lower face and neck. Derm Surg 2003; 29(5): 468-76.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A, Maberley D. Deep resting glabellar rhytides respond to BTX-A and Hylan B. Derm Surg 2003; 29(5): 539-4.
Carruthers JDA, Weiss R, Narurkar V, Corcoran T. Intense pulsed light and botulinum toxin type A for the aging face. J Cosmet Dermatol 2003; 16(S5): 1-16.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A. The effect of full-face broad and light treatments alone and in combination with bilateral crows feet BTX-A chemodenervation. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30(3): 355-66.
Carruthers JA, Carruthers JDA. Dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar rhytides in females. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31(4): 414-22.
Carruthers JA, Carruthers JDA. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in men with glabellar rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31(10): 1297-303.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A. Long term safety review of subjects treated with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) for cosmetic use. P03. Toxins 2005. Neurotox Res 2006; 9(203): 225.
Carruthers JA, Carruthers JDA. Patient reported outcomes with botulinum neurotoxin type A. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2007; 9(suppl 1): 32-27.
Fagien S, Carruthers JDA. A comprehensive review of patientreported satisfaction with botulinum toxin type A for aesthetic procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122(6): 1915-25.
Carruthers JA, Carruthers JDA. A validated facial grading scale - the future of facial ageing measurement tools? J Cosmet Laser Ther 2010; 12(5): 235-41.
Carruthers JA, Carruthers JDA. A single-center dose-comparison study of botulinum neurotoxin type A in females with upper facial rhytids: Assessing patients’ perception of treatment outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(10): 924-9.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A, Monheit GD, Davis PG. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/ml smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation: Satisfaction and patient-reported outcomes. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2135-45.
Carruthers JDA, Burgess C, Day D et al. Consensus recommendations for combined aesthetic interventions in the face using botulinum toxin, fillers, and microfocused ultrasound with visualization. Dermatol Surg 2016; 00: 1-12.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. A multimodal approach to rejuvenation of the lower face. Dermatol Surg 2016; 00: 1-5.
Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S et al. Injectable Daxibotulinum toxin A for the treatment of glabellar lines A, phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with Onabotulinum toxin A and placebo. Dermatol Surg 2017. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001206 (online).
American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2015. 2014 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report, www.plasticsurgery.org.
Blitzer, A, Brin M, Keen MS, Aviv JE. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119:1018-22.
Burke, GS. The occurrence of bacillus botulinus in nature. J Bacteriology 1919; 4:541-53.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. You want to inject what? Dermatol Surg 2045; 41: S2-8.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of cosmetic botulinum toxin. In: Botulinum Toxin. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, (ed). New York: Elsevier; 2013,13-7.
Carruthers, JD, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, Gibson J, Eadie N. Doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for Patients with glabellar lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112: 1089-98.
Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, Gibson J, Nordquist M, Mordaunt J, Walker P, Eadie N. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 840-9.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers A. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. Botulinum-A exotoxin. Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology 1992; 18: 17-21.
Carruthers J, Stubbs HA. Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and age-related lower eyelid ectropion. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14:42-5.
Erbguth FJ. From poison to remedy: The Chequered History of botulinum toxin. J Neural Transm 2008; 115:559-5.
Erbguth FJ. Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium Botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Movement Disorders 2004; 19:S2-6.
Jampolsky A. What can electromyography do for the ophthalmologist? Invest Ophthalmol 1970; 8:570-99.
Keen M, Blitzer A, Aviv J, Binder A, Prystowsky J, Smith H, Brin M. Botulinum toxin A for hyperkinetic facial lines: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 94(1994):94-9.
Kerner J. New Observations on the in Wurttemberg Incipient Fatal Poisoning by the Consumption of Smoked Sausages. Tiibingen: Osiander; 1820.
Kerner J. The Fat or the Fatty Acid and its Effects on the Animal Organism: an Inquiry for the Investigation of the Spoiled Sausages Toxic Substance. Stuttgart, Tubingen: Cotta; 1822.
Kuczynski A. Drought over, Botox is back. New York Times-, 1997. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/14/ style/pulse-drought-overbotox-is-back.html.
Lamanna C, Eklund HW, McElroy OE. Botulinum toxin (Type A); Including a study of shaking with chloroform as a step in the isolation procedure. J Bacteriol 1946; 52:1-13.
Lowe NJ, Maxwell A, Harper H. Botulinum A exotoxin for glabellar folds: A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study with an electromyographic injection technique. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:569-72.
Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Botulinum toxin: The story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Perspect Biol Med 1997; 40:317-27.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmol 1980; 87:1044-99.
Scott AB, Rosenbaum A, Collins CC. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 1973; 12:924-7.
Snipe PT, Sommer H. Studies on botulinus toxin. 3. Acid preparation of botulinus toxin. J Infect Dis 1928; 43:152-60.
Ting PT, Freiman A. The story of clostridium botulinum: From food poisoning to botox. Clin Med 2004; 4: 258-61.
Tsui J, Wong NLM, Wong E, Caine DB. Production of circulating antibodies to Botulinum A toxin in patients receiving repeated injections for dystonia. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 181.
Tsui JK, Eisen A, Mak E, Carruthers J, Scott A, Caine DB. A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Can J Neurol Sci 1985; 12: 314-16.
Van Ermengem EP. A new anaerobic bacillus and its relation to botulism. Review of Infectious Diseases 1979; 1:701-19.
Sharma SK, Singh BR. Hemagglutinin binding mediated protection of botulinum neurotoxin from proteolysis. / Nat Toxins 1998; 7(3): 239-53.
Sharma SK, Singh BR. Enhancement of the endopeptidase activity of purified botulinum neurotoxins A and E by an isolated component of the native neurotoxin associated proteins. Biochemistry 2004; 43(16): 4791-8.
Lamanna C, Spero L, Schantz EJ. Dependence of time to death on molecular size of botulinum toxin. Infect Immun 1970; 1(4): 423-4.
Matsui T, Gu S, Lam KH, Carter LG, Rummel A, Mathews II, Jin R. Structural basis of the pH-dependent assembly of a botulinum neurotoxin complex. / Mol Biol 2014; 426(22): 3773-82.
Sakaguchi G, Kozaki S, Ohishi I. Structure and function of botulinum toxins. In J. E. Alouf (ed). Bacterial Protein Toxins, London: Academic Press; 1984, 435-43.
Sakaguchi G, Ohishi I, Kozai S. Purification and oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum progenitor toxins. In: Lewis GEJ (ed). Biomedical Aspects of Botulism. New York: Academic Press; 1981,21-34.
Inoue K, Fujinaga Y, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Takeshi K, Moriishi K, Nakajima H, Inoue K, Oguma K. Molecular composition of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxins. Infect Immun 1996; 64(5): 1589-94.
Terilli RR, Moura H, Woolfitt AR, Rees J, Schieltz DM, Barr JR. A historical and proteomic analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type/G. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:232.
Maslanka SE, Luquez C, Dykes JK et al. A novel botulinum neurotoxin, previously reported as serotype H, has a hybrid-like structure with regions of similarity to the structures of serotypes A and F and is neutralized with serotype A antitoxin. J Infect Dis 2016; 213: 379-85.
Yao G, Lam KH, Perry K, Weisemann J, Rummel A, Jin R. Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin type HA, also known as type FA or H. Toxins (Basel). 2017; 9(3). pii: E93. doi: 10.3390/toxins9030093.
Moriishi K, Koura M, Abe N, Fujii N, Fujinaga Y, Inoue K, Ogumad K. Mosaic structures of neurotoxins produced from Clostridium botulinum types C and D organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1307(2): 123-6.
Gonzalez-Escalona N, Thirunavukkarasu N, Singh A, Toro M, Brown EW, Zink D, Rummel A, Sharma SK. Draft genome sequence of bivalent Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060, Encoding botulinum neurotoxin В and a New FA mosaic type. Genome Announc 2014; 2(6). pii: e01275-14. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01275-14.
Whitemarsh, RC, Tepp WH, Bradshaw M, Lin G, Pier CL, Scherf JM, Johnson EA, Pellett S. Characterization of botulinum neurotoxin A subtypes 1 through 5 by investigation of activities in mice, in neuronal cell cultures, and in vitro. Infect Immun 2013; 81(10): 3894-902.
Aktories K. Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and C. botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase. In: Herken H, Hucho F (eds). Selective Neurotoxicity. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1994, 841-54.
DasGupta BR. Activation of Clostridium botulinum type В toxin by an endogenous enzyme. J Bacterial 1971; 108(3): 1051-7.
Lacy DB, Tepp W, Cohen AC, DasGupta BR, Stevens RC. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat Struct Biol 1998; 5(10): 898-902.
Pantano S, Montecucco C. The blockade of the neurotransmitter release apparatus by botulinum neurotoxins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71(5): 793-811.
Montal M. Botulinum neurotoxin: A marvel of protein design. Annu Rev Biochem 2010; 79: 591-617.
Eidels L, Proia RL, Hart DA. Membrane receptors for bacterial toxins. Microbiol Rev 1983; 47(4): 596-620.
Yowler BC, Schengrund CL. Botulinum neurotoxin A changes conformation upon binding to ganglioside GTlb. Biochemistry 2004; 43(30): 9725-31.
Yowler BC, Kensinger RD, Schengrund CL. Botulinum neurotoxin A activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin I. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(36): 32815-9.
Stenmark P, Dupuy J, Imamura A, Kiso M, Stevens RC. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A in complex with the cell surface co-receptor GTlb-insight into the toxin-neuron interaction. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4(8): el000129.
Montecucco C, Rossetto O, Schiavo G. Presyn-aptic receptor arrays for clostridial neurotoxins. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12(10): 442-6.
Harper CB, Martin S, Nguyen TH et al. Dynamin inhibition blocks botulinum neurotoxin type A endocytosis in neurons and delays botulism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(41): 35966-76.
Ayyar BV, Aoki KR, Atassi MZ. The C-terminal heavy-chain domain of botulinum neurotoxin A is not the only site that binds neurons, as the N-terminal heavy-chain domain also plays a very active role in toxin-cell binding and interactions. Infect Immun 2015; 83(4): 1465-76.
Rummel A, Hafner K, Mahrhold S, Darash-chonak N, Holt M, Jahn R, Beermann S, Kar-nath T, Bigalke H, Binz T. Botulinum neurotoxins С, E and F bind gangliosides via a conserved binding site prior to stimulation-dependent uptake with botulinum neurotoxin F utilising the three isoforms of SV2 as second receptor. J Neurochem 2009; 110(6): 1942-54.
Strotmeier J, Gu S, Jutzi S et al. The biological activity of botulinum neurotoxin type C is dependent upon novel types of ganglioside binding sites. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81(1): 143-56.
Kroken AR, Karalewitz AP, Fu Z, Kim JJ, Barbieri JT. Novel ganglioside-mediated entry of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D into neurons. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(30): 26828-37.
Kull S, Schulz КМ, Weisemann J et al. Isolation and functional characterization of the novel Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A8 subtype. PLoS One 2015; 10(2): eOl 16381.
Mahrhold S, Rummel A, Bigalke H, Davletov B, Binz T. The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves. FEBS Lett 2006; 580(8): 2011-4.
Dong M, Yeh F, Tepp WH, Dean C, Johnson EA, Janz R, Chapman ER. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A. Science 2006; 312(5773): 592-6.
Lam KH, Yao G, Jin R. Diverse binding modes, same goal: The receptor recognition mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2015; 117(2-3): 225-31.
Dong M, Tepp WH, Liu H, Johnson EA, Chapman ER. Mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin В and G entry into hippocampal neurons. J Cell Biol 2007; 179(7): 1511-22.
Jin R, Rummel A, Binz T, Brunger AT. Botulinum neurotoxin В recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity. Nature 2006; 444(7122): 1092-5.
Fernandez-Chacon, R, Konigstorfer A, Gerber SH, Garcia J, Matos MF, Stevens CF, Brose N, Rizo J, Rosenmund C, Sudhof TC. Synaptotag-min I functions as a calcium regulator of release probability. Nature 2001; 410(6824): 41-9.
Dong M, Richards DA, Goodnough MC, Tepp WH, Johnson EA, Chapman ER. Synap-totagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin В into cells. J Cell Biol 2003; 162(7): 1293-303.
Jacky BP, Garay PE, Dupuy J et al. Identification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) as a protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A). PLoS Pathog 2013; 9(5): el 003369.
Fischer A, Montal M. Molecular dissection of botulinum neurotoxin reveals interdomain chaperone function. Toxicon 2013; 75: 101-7.
Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins: Genetic, structural and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12(8): 535-49.
Takamori S, Holt M, Stenius К et al. Molecular anatomy of a trafficking organelle. Cell 2006; 127(4): 831-46.
Jahn R, Fasshauer D. Molecular machines governing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Nature 2012; 490(7419): 201-7.
Sudhof TC. The synaptic vesicle cycle. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27: 509-47.
Pellizzari R, Rossetto O, Schiavo G, Montecucco C. Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses. Philos Trans R Soc bond В Biol Sci 1999; 354(1381): 259-68.
Fernandez-Salas E, Steward LE, Ho H, Garay PE, Sun SW, Gilmore MA, Ordas JV, Wang J, Francis J, Aoki KR. Plasma membrane localization signals in the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(9): 3208-13.
Wang J, Zurawski TH, Meng J, Lawrence G, Olango WM, Finn DP, Wheeler L, Dolly JO. A dileucine in the protease of botulinum toxin A underlies its long-lived neuroparalysis: Transfer of longevity to a novel potential therapeutic. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(8): 6375-85.
Vagin O, Tokhtaeva E, Garay PE et al. Recruitment of sept in cytoskeletal proteins by botulinum toxin A protease determines its remarkable stability. J Cell Sci 2014; 127(Pt 15): 3294-308.
Simpson LL. Kinetic studies on the interaction between botulinum toxin type A and the cholinergic neuromuscular junction. J Pharmacol Exp lher 1980; 212(1): 16-21.
Kurokawa Y, Oguma K, Yokosawa N, Syuto B, Fukatsu R, Yamashita I. Binding and cytotoxic effects of Clostridium botulinum type A, Cl and E toxins in primary neuron cultures from foetal mouse brains. J Gen Microbiol 1987; 133(9): 2647-57.
Pamphlett R. Axonal sprouting after botulinum toxin does not elicit a histological axon reaction. J Neurol Sci 1988; 87(2-3): 175-85.
Popoff MR, Poulain B. Bacterial toxins and the nervous system: Neurotoxins and multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2(4): 683-737.
Shen J, Ma J, Lee C, Smith BP, Smith TL, Tan KH, Koman LA. How muscles recover from paresis and atrophy after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: Study in juvenile rats. J Orthop Res 2006; 24(5): 1128-35.
Meunier FA, Herreros J, Schiavo F. Molecular mechanism of action of botulinal neurotoxins and the synaptic remodeling they induce in vivo at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. In: Neurotoxicology Handbook, Massar EJ (eds) Totwa, NJ: Humana Press; 2001, 1, 307-49.
Rogozhin AA, Pang KK, Bukharaeva E, Young C, Slater CR. Recovery of mouse neuromuscular junctions from single and repeated injections of botulinum neurotoxin A. J Physiol 2008; 586(13): 3163-82.
Ко СР. Do nerve terminal sprouts contribute to functional recovery from botulinum neurotoxin A? J Physiol 2008; 586(13): 3021.
de Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, Aoki KR, Dolly JO. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: Biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(6): 3200-5.
Goodmurphy CW, Ovalle WK. Morphological study of two human facial muscles: Orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii. Clin Anat 1999; 12(1): 1-11.
Filippi GM, Errico P, Santarelli R, Bagolini B, Manni E. Botulinum A toxin effects on rat jaw muscle spindles. Acta Otolaryngol 1993; 113(3): 400-4.
Rosales RL, Arimura K, Takenaga S, Osame M. Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19(4): 488-96.
Phadke CP, On AY, Kirazli Y, Ismail F, Boulias C. Intrafusal effects of botulinum toxin injections for spasticity: Revisiting a previous paper. Neu-rosci Lett 2013; 541: 20-3.
Trompetto C, Bove M, Avanzino L, Francavilla G, Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G. Intrafusal effects of botulinum toxin in post-stroke upper limb spasticity. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15(4): 367-70.
Trompetto C, Curra A, Buccolieri A, Suppa A, Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A. Botulinum toxin changes intrafusal feedback in dystonia: A study with the tonic vibration reflex. Mov Disord 2006; 21(6): 777-82.
Beer KR, Boyd C, Patel RK, Bowen B, James SP, Brin MF. Rapid onset of response and patient-reported outcomes after onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of moderate-to-severe glabellar lines. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10(1): 39-44.
Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Aviv JE, Keen MS, Brin MF. The management of hyperfunctional facial lines with botulinum toxin. A collaborative study of 210 injection sites in 162 patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123(4): 389-92.
Brashear A, Watts MW, Marchetti A, Magar R, Lau H, Wang L. Duration of effect of botulinum toxin type A in adult patients with cervical dystonia: A retrospective chart review. Clin Ther 2000; 22(12): 1516-24.
Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: A review of the evidence. Biologies 2014; 8:227-41.
Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS, Lask GP, Patnaik R, Moore D. Botulinum toxins types A and В for brow furrows: Preliminary experiences with type В toxin dosing. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2002; 4(1): 15-8.
Hsiung GY, Das SK, Ranawaya R, Lafontaine AL, Suchowersky O. Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in treatment of various movement disorders over a 10-year period. Mov Disord 2002; 17(6): 1288-93.
Defazio G, Abbruzzese G, Girlanda P et al. Botulinum toxin A treatment for primary hemifacial spasm: A 10-year multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2002; 59(3): 418-20.
Wilke K, Martin A, Terstegen L, Biel SS. Neurobiology of skin appendages: Eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine sweat glands. In: Granstein, RD, Luger, TA (eds). Neuroimmunology of the Skin. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2009, 167-75.
Lindh B, Hokfelt T. Structural and functional aspects of acetylcholine peptide coexistence in the autonomic nervous system. Prog Brain Res 1990; 84: 175-91.
Li ZJ, Park SB, Sohn КС, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Kim CD, Kim YS, Lee JH, Im M. Regulation of lipid production by acetylcholine signalling in human sebaceous glands. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72(2): 116-22.
Kurzen H, Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kawashima K, Grando SA. The non-neuronal cholinergic system of human skin. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39(2): 125-35.
Schlereth T, Birklein F, an Haack K, Schiff-mann S, Kilbinger H, Kirkpatrick CJ, Wessler I. In vivo release of non-neuronal acetylcholine from the human skin as measured by dermal microdialysis: Effect of botulinum toxin. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147(2): 183-7.
Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ. Acetylcholine beyond neurons: The non-neuronal cholinergic system in humans. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154(8): 1558-71.
Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS, Lask GP, Patnaik R, Iyer S. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28(9): 822-7.
Naumann M, Lowe NJ, Kumar CR, Hamm H. Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis over 16 months: A prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139(6): 731-6.
Lowe NJ, Glaser DA, Eadie N, Daggett S, Kowalski JW, Lai PY, G. North American Botox in Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A 52-week multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56(4): 604-11.
Turner IM, Agrillo T. Migraine, botulinum toxin type-A, and the disappearing sebaceous cyst. Headache 2005; 45(2): 166-7.
Diamond A, Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin in dermatology - beyond wrinkles and sweat. J Cosmet Dermatol 2006; 5(2): 169.
Min P, Xi W, Grassetti L et al. Sebum production alteration after botulinum toxin type A injections for the treatment of forehead rhytides: A prospective randomized double-blind dose-comparative clinical investigation. Aesthet Surg J 2015; 35(5): 600-10.
Park KY, Hyun MY, Jeong SY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Hong CK. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of refractory erythema and flushing of rosacea. Dermatology 2015; 230(4): 299-301.
Bloom BS, Payongayong L, Mourin A, Goldberg DJ. Impact of intradermal abobotulinum-toxinA on facial erythema of rosacea. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41:(Suppl 1): S9-16.
Dayan SH, Pritzker RN, Arkins JP. A new treatment regimen for rosacea: OnabotulinumtoxinA. / Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11(12): e76-9.
Gilbert E, Ward NL. Efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin type A for treating recalcitrant plaque psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol 2014; 13(11): 1407-8.
Zanchi M, Favot F, Bizzarini M, Piai M, Donini M, Sedona P. Botulinum toxin type-A for the treatment of inverse psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22(4): 431-6.
Ward NL, Kavlick KD, Diaconu D, Dawes SM, Michaels KA, Gilbert E. Botulinum neurotoxin A decreases infiltrating cutaneous lymphocytes and improves acanthosis in the KC-Tie2 mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132(7): 1927-30.
Gassner HG, Sherris DA, Otley CC. Treatment of facial wounds with botulinum toxin A improves cosmetic outcome in primates. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105(6): 1948-53; discussion 54-5.
Gassner HG, Brissett AE, Otley CC, Boahene DK, Boggust AJ, Weaver AL, Sherris DA. Botulinum toxin to improve facial wound healing: A prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81(8): 1023-8.
Ziade M, Domergue S, Batifol D, Jreige R, Sebbane M, Goudot P, Yachouh J. Use of botulinum toxin type A to improve treatment of facial wounds: A prospective randomised study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66(2): 209-14.
Uyesugi B, Lippincott B, Dave S. Treatment of a painful keloid with botulinum toxin type A. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 89(2): 153-5.
Robinson AJ, Khadim MF, Khan K. Keloid scars and treatment with Botulinum Toxin Type A: The Belfast experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66(3): 439-40.
Shaarawy E, Hegazy RA, Abdel Hay RM. Intralesional botulinum toxin type A equally effective and better tolerated than intralesional steroid in the treatment of keloids: A randomized controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 14(2): 161-6.
Xiao Z, Zhang F, Lin W, Zhang M, Liu Y. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on transforming growth factor betal in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar: A preliminary report. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 34(4): 424-7.
Jeong HS, Lee BH, Sung HM, Park SY, Ahn DK, Jung MS, Suh IS. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on differentiation of fibroblasts derived from scar tissue. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136(2): 171e-8e.
Xiao Z, Qu G. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on collagen deposition in hypertrophic scars. Molecules 2012; 17(2): 2169-77.
Xiaoxue W, Xi C, Zhibo X. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on expression of genes in keloid fibroblasts. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34(1): 154-9.
Oh SH, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Lee JH, Yang JD, Chung HY, Cho BC. The potential effect of botulinum toxin type A on human dermal fibroblasts: An in vitro study. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38(10): 1689-94.
Permatasari F, Hu YY, Zhang JA, Zhou BR, Luo D. Anti-photoaging potential of Botulinum Toxin Type A in UVB-induced premature senescence of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro through decreasing senescence-related proteins. J Photochem Photobiol В 2014; 133: 115-23.
Nausch B, Heppner TJ, Nelson MT. Nerve-released acetylcholine contracts urinary bladder smooth muscle by inducing action potentials independently of IP3-mediated calcium release. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299(3): R878-88.
Dolly JO, Lawrence GW. Chapter 3: Molecular basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33(Suppl 3): S14-20.
Ferrandiz-Huertas C, Mathivanan S, Wolf CJ, Devesa I, Ferrer-Montiel A. Trafficking of ThermoTRP Channels. Membranes (Basel) 2014; 4(3): 525-64.
de Groat WC, Griffiths D, Yoshimura N. Neural control of the lower urinary tract. Compr Physiol 2015; 5(1): 327-96.
Apostolidis A, Popat R, Yiangou Y, Cockayne D, Ford AP, Davis JB, Dasgupta P, Fowler CJ, Anand P. Decreased sensory receptors P2X3 and TRPV1 in suburothelial nerve fibers following intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin for human detrusor overactivity. J Urol 2005; 174(3): 977-82; discussion 982-3.
Hanna-Mitchell AT, Wolf-Johnston AS, Barrick SR, Kanai AJ, Chancellor MB, de Groat WC, Birder LA. Effect of botulinum toxin A on urothelial-release of ATP and expression of SNARE targets within the urothelium. Neuro-urol Urodyn 2015; 34(1): 79-84.
Smith CP, Gangitano DA, Munoz A, Salas NA, Boone ТВ, Aoki KR, Francis J, Somogyi GT. Botulinum toxin type A normalizes alterations in urothelial ATP and NO release induced by chronic spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2008; 52(6): 1068-75.
Sanderfoot AA, Raikhel NV. The specificity of vesicle trafficking: Coat proteins and SNAREs. Plant Cell 1999; 11(4): 629-42.
Shimizu T, Shibata M, Toriumi H, Iwashita T, Funakubo M, Sato H, Kuroi T, Ebine T, Koizumi K, Suzuki N. Reduction of TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal system by botulinum neurotoxin type-A. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48(3): 367-78.
Dolly JO, Aoki KR. The structure and mode of action of different botulinum toxins. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 4): 1-9.
Brady CM, Apostolidis A, Yiangou Y, Baecker PA, Ford AP, Freeman A, Jacques TS, Fowler CJ, Anand P. P2X3-immunoreactive nerve fibres in neurogenic detrusor overactivity and the effect of intravesical resiniferatoxin. Eur Urol 2004; 46(2): 247-53.
Brady CM, Apostolidis AN, Harper M, Yiangou Y, Beckett A, Jacques TS, Freeman A, Scaravilli F, Fowler CJ, Anand P. Parallel changes in bladder suburothelial vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 immunoreactivity in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity after intravesical resiniferatoxin treatment. BJU Int 2004; 93(6): 770-6.
Liu HT, Chancellor MB, Kuo HC. Urinary nerve growth factor levels are elevated in patients with detrusor overactivity and decreased in responders to detrusor botulinum toxin-A injection. Eur Urol 2009; 56(4): 700-6.
Chapple C, Sievert KD, MacDiarmid S, Khullar V, Radziszewski P, Nardo C, Thompson C, Zhou J, Haag-Molkenteller C. OnabotulinumtoxinA 100 U significantly improves all idiopathic overactive bladder symptoms and quality of life in patients with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol 2013; 64(2): 249-56.
Nitti VW, Dmochowski R, Herschorn S, Sand P, Thompson C, Nardo C, Yan X, Haag-Molkenteller C, ES Group. OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of patients with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence: Results of a phase 3, randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 2013; 189(6): 2186-93.
Sievert KD, Chapple C, Herschorn S, Joshi M, Zhou J, Nardo C, Nitti VW. OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68(10): 1246-56.
Nitti V, DeRidder D, Sussman D et al. Durable reductions in UI with long-term OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. Final results of 3.5-year study. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Urinary Association. May 15-19, 2015, New Orleans, LA.
Cruz F, Herschorn S, Aliotta P, Brin M, Thompson C, Lam W, Daniell G, Heesakkers J, Haag-Molkenteller C. Efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol 2011; 60(4): 742-50.
Ginsberg D, Gousse A, Keppenne V, Sievert KD, Thompson C, Lam W, Brin MF, Jenkins B, Haag-Molkenteller C. Phase 3 efficacy and tolerability study of OnabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence from neurogenic detrusor overactivity. / Urol 2012; 187(6): 2131-9.
Kennelly M, Dmochowski R, Ethans K, Karsenty G, Schulte-Baukloh H, Jenkins B, Thompson C, Li D, Haag-Molkenteller C. Longterm efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: An interim analysis. Urology 2013; 81(3): 491-7.
Kennelly M, Dmochowski R, Schulte-Baukloh H et al. Efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA therapy are sustained over 4 years of treatment in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: Final results of a long-term extension study. Neurourol Urodyn, 2017; 36(2): 368-75.
Whitcup SM, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Brin MF. Development of onabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1329: 67-80.
Burstein R, Zhang X, Levy D, Aoki KR, Brin MF. Selective inhibition of meningeal nociceptors by botulinum neurotoxin type A: Therapeutic implications for migraine and other pains. Cephalalgia 2014; 34(11): 853-69.
Welch MJ, Purkiss JR, Foster KA. Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon 2000; 38(2): 245-58.
Durham PL, Cady R, Cady R. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: Implications for migraine therapy. Headache 2004; 44(1): 35-42; discussion -3.
Paterson K, Lolignier S, Wood JN, McMahon SB, Bennett DL. Botulinum toxin-A treatment reduces human mechanical pain sensitivity and mechanotransduction. Ann Neurol 2014; 75(4): 591-6.
Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Aurora SK, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Diener HC, Brin MF, PCMS Group. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2010; 50(6): 921-36.
Aurora SK, Winner P, Freeman MC, Spierings EL, Heiring JO, DeGryse RE, VanDenburgh AM, Nolan ME, Turkel CC. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled analyses of the 56-week PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2011; 51(9): 1358-73.
Deinhardt K, Schiavo G. Endocytosis and retrograde axonal traffic in motor neurons. Biochem Soc Symp 2005; 72: 139-50.
Antonucci F, Rossi C, Gianfranceschi L, Rossetto O, Caleo M. Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A. J Neurosci 2008; 28(14): 3689-96.
Restani L, Giribaldi F, Manich M, Bercsenyi K, Menendez G, Rossetto O, Caleo M, Schiavo G. Botulinum neurotoxins A and E undergo retrograde axonal transport in primary motor neurons. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8(12): e1003087.
Wang T, Martin S, Papadopulos A et al. Control of autophagosome axonal retrograde flux by presynaptic activity unveiled using botulinum neurotoxin type a. J Neurosci 2015; 35(15): 6179-94.
Aoki KR, Brin MF, Whitcup SM. Is botulinum toxin really moving into the CNS like tetanus toxin? J Neurosci 2008; available at: jneurosci.org/cgi/eletters/28/14/3689.
Lawrence GW, Ovsepian SV, Wang J, Aoki KR, Dolly JO. Extravesicular intraneuronal migration of internalized botulinum neurotoxins without detectable inhibition of distal neurotransmission. Biochem J 2012; 441(1): 443-52.
Cai BB, Francis J, Brin MF, Broide RS. Botulinum neurotoxin type A-clearved SNAP25 is confined to primary motor neurons and localized on the plasma membrane following intramuscular toxin injection. Neuroscience 2017; 352: 155-69.
Zbinden G, Flury-Roversi M. Significance of the LD50-test for the toxicological evaluation of chemical substances. Arch Toxicol 1981; 47(2): 77-99.
Hunt T, Clarke K. Potency evaluation of a formulated drug product containing 150-kd botulinum neurotoxin type A. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32(1): 28-31.
Biome MC, Yowler BC, O’Keeffe R, Panjwani N, Pickett AM, Schengrund C-L. Use of surface plasmon resonance to characterise binding of botulinum type A toxin-haemagglutinin complex to gangliosides. The Botulinum/2008; 1(1): 88-99.
Dressier D, Mander G, Fink K. Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox*) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin*) in an LD50 assay. J Neural Transm 2012; 119(1): 13-5.
Sesardic D, Leung T, Gaines Das R. Role for standards in assays of botulinum toxins: International collaborative study of three preparations of botulinum type A toxin. Biologicals 2003; 31(4): 265-76.
Hunt T, Clarke K. Potency evaluation of a formulated drug product containing 150-kd botulinum neurotoxin type A. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32: 28-31.
Fernandez-Salas E, Wang J, Molina Y, Nelson JB, Jacky BP, Aoki KR. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A specific cell-based potency assay to replace the mouse bioassay. PLoS One 2012; 7(11): e49516.
Hunt T, Clarke K. Potency of the botulinum toxin product CNBTX-A significantly exceeds labeled units in standard potency test. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58(3): 517-8.
Chertow DS, Tan ET, Maslanka SE et al. Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. JAMA 2006; 296(20): 2476-9.
Beer K. Importing injectables. The Dermatol. 2013; 3: 24-5.
Goschel H, Wohlfarth K, Frevert J, Dengler R, Bigalke H. Botulinum A toxin therapy: Neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies-ther-apeutic consequences. Exp Neurol 1997; 147(1): 96-102.
Frevert J. Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products. Drugs R D 2015; 15(1): 1-9.
Brin MF, Cornelia CL, Jankovic J, Lai F, Naumann M. Long-term treatment with botulinum toxin type A in cervical dystonia has low immunogenicity by mouse protection assay. Mov Disord 2008; 23(10): 1353-60.
Allergan, Inc. BOTOX" (onabotulinumtoxinA) Prescribing Information. Irvine CA, January 2013.
Ipsen Biopharm Ltd. Dysport* (abobotulinumtoxinA) Prescribing Information. May 2012.
Dolimbek BZ, Aoki KR, Steward LE, Jankovic J, Atassi MZ. Mapping of the regions on the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) recognized by antibodies of cervical dystonia patients with immunoresistance to BoNT/A. Mol Immunol 2007; 44(5): 1029-41.
Dolimbek BZ, Steward LE, Aoki KR, Atassi MZ. Immune recognition of botulinum neurotoxin B: Antibody-binding regions on the heavy chain of the toxin. Mol Immunol 2008; 45(4): 910-24.
Oshima M, Aoki KR, Atassi MZ. Regions recognized on the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A by T lymphocytes of SJL and BALB/c mice primed with inactivated toxin. Immunobiology 2014; 219(12): 950-7.
Naumann M, Boo LM, Ackerman AH, Gallagher CJ. Immunogenicity of botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 2013; 120(2): 275-90.
Frevert J, Dressier D. Complexing proteins in botulinum toxin type A drugs: A help or a hindrance? Biologies 2010; 4: 325-32.
United States Food and Drug Administration. Approval Package for Xeomin (2010) (incobotulinumtoxinA) Injection, vol Application Number 125360. accessdata.fda.gov/ drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/125360s0000TOC. cfm. Accessed January 21, 2014.
Naumann M, Carruthers A, Carruthers J et al. Meta-analysis of neutralizing antibody conversion with onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) across multiple indications. Mov Disord 2010; 25(13): 2211-8.
Scott АВ. Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1981; 79: 734-70.
Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev 1992; 56: 80-99.
Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins: Genetic, structural and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12: 535-49.
Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A. exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 17-21.
Azzalure (Galderma). Summary of Product Characteristics. United Kingdom, 2010.
Bocouture (Merz). Summary of Product Characteristics, United Kingdom, 2012.
BOTOX (Allergan). Summary of Product Characteristics, United Kingdom, 2013.
Dysport (Ipsen), Summary of Product Characteristics, United Kingdom, 2012.
Vistabel (Allergan), Summary of Product Characteristics, United Kingdom, 2013.
Xeomin (Merz), Summary of Product Characteristics, United Kingdom, 2012.
International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons. ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/ Cosmetic Procedures Performed in 2013. Available from http://www.isaps.org/news/isaps-glob-al-statistics. Last accessed August 2014.
Montal M. Botulinum neurotoxin: A marvel of protein design. Annu Rev Biochem 2010; 79: 591-617.
Aoki KR, Guyer B. Botulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: A comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actions. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(Suppl 5): 21-9.
Poulain B, Lonchamp E, Jover E et al. Mecanis-mes d’action des toxines et neurotoxines botu-liques. [Mechanisms of action of botulinum toxins and neurotoxins]. Ann Dermatol Venereal 2009; 136(Suppl4): S73-6.
Brunger AT, Rummel A. Receptor and substrate interactions of clostridial neurotoxins. Toxicon 2009; 54: 550-60.
Popoff MR, Poulain B. Bacterial toxins and the nervous system: Neurotoxins and multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2: 683-737.
Dineen SS, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA. Neurotoxin gene clusters in Clostridium botulinum type A strains: Sequence comparison and evolutionary implications. Curr Microbiol 2003; 46: 345-52.
Panjwani N, O’Keeffe R, Pickett A. Biochemical, functional and potency characteristics of type A botulinum toxin in clinical use. Botulinum J 2008; 1: 153-66.
Inoue K, Fujinaga Y, Watanabe T et al. Molecular composition of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxins. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 1589-94.
Lietzow MA, Gielow ET, Le D, Zhang J et al. Subunit stoichiometry of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex determined using denaturing capillary electrophoresis. Protein J 2008; 27: 420-5.
Park J, Lee MS, Harrison AR. Profile of Xeomin(R) (incobotulinumtoxinA) for the treatment of blepharospasm. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5: 725-32.
Goodnough MC, Johnson EA. Stabilization of botulinum toxin type A during lyophilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58: 3426-8.
Frevert J. Content of botulinum neurotoxin in Botox/Vistabel, Dysport/Azzalure, and Xeomin/Bocouture. Drugs R D 2010; 10: 67-73.
Aoki KR, Ranoux D, Wissel J. Using translational medicine to understand clinical differences between botulinum toxin formulations. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl4): 10-19.
Gu S, Rumpel S, Zhou J et al. Botulinum neurotoxin is shielded by NTNHA in an interlocked complex. Science 2012; 335: 977-81.
Chen F, Kuziemko GM, Stevens RC. Biophysical characterization of the stability of the 150-kilodalton botulinum toxin, the nontoxic component, and the 900-kilodalton botulinum toxin complex species. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2420-5.
Lee K, Zhong X, Gu S et al. Molecular basis for disruption of E-cadherin adhesion by botulinum neurotoxin A complex. Science 2014; 344(6190): 1405-10.
Sugawara Y, Fujinaga Y. The botulinum toxin complex meets E-cadherin on the way to its destination. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5: 34-6.
Eisele KH, Fink K, Vey M et al. Studies on the dissociation of botulinum neurotoxin type A complexes. Toxicon 2011; 57: 555-65.
Pickett A. Dysport: Pharmacological properties and factors that influence toxin action. Toxicon 2009; 54: 683-9.
Benecke R, Jost WH, Kanovsky P et al. A new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 2005; 64: 1949-51.
Roggenkamper P, Jost WH, Bihari К et al. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins in the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neural Transm 2006; 113: 303-12.
Sattler G, Callander MJ, Grablowitz D et al. Noninferiority of incobotulinumtoxinA, free from complexing proteins, compared with another botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar frown lines. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4):2146-54.
Brodsky MA, Swope DM, Grimes D. Diffusion of botulinum toxins. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY) 2012; 2.
Kerscher М, Roll S, Becker A et al. Comparison of the spread of three botulinum toxin type A preparations. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304: 155-61.
Trindade de Almeida AR, Marques E, de Almeida J et al. Pilot study comparing the diffusion of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A in patients with forehead hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S37-43.
Hexsel D, Dal’Forno T, Hexsel C et al. A randomized pilot study comparing the action halos of two commercial preparations of botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 52-9.
Carli L, Montecucco C, Rossetto O. Assay of diffusion of different botulinum neurotoxin type a formulations injected in the mouse leg. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40: 374-80.
Soares DJ, Dejoseph LM, Zuliani GF et al. Impact of postreconstitution room temperature storage on the efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA treatment of dynamic lateral canthus lines. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: 712-7.
Grein S, Mander GJ, Fink K. Stability of botulinum neurotoxin type A, devoid of complexing proteins. The Botulinum J 2011; 2: 49-58.
Adler S, Bicker G, Bigalke H et al. The current scientific and legal status of alternative methods to the LD50 test for botulinum neurotoxin potency testing. The Report and Recommendations of a ZEBET Expert Meeting. Altern Lab Anim 2010; 38: 315-30.
Hambleton P, Pickett AM. Potency equivalence of botulinum toxin preparations. J R Soc Med 1994; 87: 719.
Dressier D, Mander G, Fink K. Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX*) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin*) in an LD50 assay. J Neural Transm 2012; 119: 13-5.
Fernandez-Salas E, Wang J, Molina Y et al. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A specific cell-based potency assay to replace the mouse bioassay. PLoS One 2012; 7(11) :e49516.
Pellett S, Du ZW, Pier CL et al. Sensitive and quantitative detection of botulinum neurotoxin in neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404: 388-92.
Whitemarsh RC, Strathman MJ, Chase LG et al. Novel application of human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for highly sensitive botulinum neurotoxin detection. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126: 426-35.
Jankovic J, Vuong KD, Ahsan J. Comparison of efficacy and immunogenicity of original versus current botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia. Neurology 2003; 60(7): 1186-8.
Bigalke H. Properties of pharmaceutical products of botulinum neurotoxins. In: Jankovic J, Albanese A, Atassi MZ et al. (eds). Botulinum Toxin: Therapeutic Clinical Practice and Science. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders Elsevier; 2009, 389-97.
Prager W, Wissmuller E, Kollhorst В et al. Comparison of two botulinum toxin type A preparations for treating crows feet: A split-face, double-blind, proof-of-concept study. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2155-60.
Muti G, Harrington L. A prospective rater- and subject-blinded study comparing the efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA to treat crows feet: A clinical crossover evaluation. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41(Suppl 1): S39-46.
Prager W, Huber-Vorlander J, Taufig AZ et al. Botulinum toxin type A treatment to the upper face: Retrospective analysis of daily practice. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2012; 5: 53-8.
Yeilding RH, Fezza JP. A prospective, split-face, randomized, double-blind study comparing onabotulinumtoxinA to incobotulinumtoxinA for upper face wrinkles. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135: 1328-35.
Rappl T, Parvizi D, Friedl H et al. Onset and duration of effect of incobotulinumtoxinA, onabotulinumtoxinA, and abobotulinumtox-inA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines: A randomized, double-blind study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013; 6: 211-9.
Lorenc ZP, Kenkel JM, Fagien S et al. Consensus Panel’s assessment and recommendations on the use of 3 botulinum toxin type A products in facial aesthetics. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33: 35S-40S.
Carruthers J, Fournier N, Kerscher M et al. The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine - a global, evidence-based botulinum toxin consensus education initiative: Part II: Incorporating botulinum toxin into aesthetic clinical practice. Dermatol Surg 2015; 39: 510-25.
Poulain B, Trevidic P, Clave M et al. Clinical equivalence of conventional OnabotulinumtoxinA (900 kD) and IncobotulinumtoxinA (neurotoxin free from complexing proteins - 150 kD): 2012 multidisciplinary French consensus in aesthetics. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12: 1434-46.
Ahn BK, Kim YS, Kim HJ et al. Consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A in Asians. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 1843-60.
Yutskovskaya Y, Gubanova Е, Khrustaleva I et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA in aesthetics: Russian multidisciplinary expert consensus recommendations. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8: 297-306.
Ravenni R, De Grandis D, Mazza A. Conversion ratio between Dysport and Botox in clinical practice: An overview of available evidence. Neurol Sci 2013; 34: 1043-8.
Dolimbek BZ, Aoki KR, Steward LE et al. Mapping of the regions on the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) recognized by antibodies of cervical dystonia patients with immunoresistance to BoNT/A. Mol Immunol 2007; 44: 1029-41.
Atassi MZ, Dolimbek BZ. Mapping of the anti-body-binding regions on the HN-domain (residues 449-859) of botulinum neurotoxin A with antitoxin antibodies from four host species. Full profile of the continuous antigenic regions of the H-chain of botulinum neurotoxin A. Protein J 2004; 23: 39-52.
Takahashi T, Joshi SG, Al-Saleem F et al. Localization of the sites and characterization of the mechanisms by which anti-light chain antibodies neutralize the actions of the botulinum holotoxin. Vaccine 2009; 27: 2616-24.
Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology 1995; 1743-6.
Jankovic J, Vuong KD, Ahsan J. Comparison of efficacy and immunogenicity of original versus current botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia. Neurology 2003; 60: 1186-8.
Lee S-K. Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin type A therapy in a patient with masseteric hypertrophy. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(1 Spec No): S105-S10.
Dressier D, Wohlfahrt K, Meyer-Rogge E et al. Antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin a therapy in cosmetic indications. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2182-7.
Stengel G, Bee EK. Antibody-induced secondary treatment failure in a patient treated with botulinum toxin type A for glabellar frown lines. Clin Interv Aging 2011; 6: 281-4.
Torres S, Hamilton M, Sanches E et al. Neutralizing antibodies to botulinum neurotoxin type A in aesthetic medicine: Five case reports. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013; 7:11-7.
Stephan F, Habre M, Tomb R. Clinical resistance to three types of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic medicine. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 13: 346-8.
Goschel H, Wohlfarth K, Frevert J et al. Botulinum A toxin therapy: Neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies—therapeutic consequences. Exp Neurol 1997; 147: 96-102.
Wang L, Sun Y, Yang W et al. Type A botulinum neurotoxin complex proteins differentially modulate host response of neuronal cells, lexicon 2014; 82: 52-60.
Bliimel J, Frevert J, Schwaier A. Comparative antigenicity of three preparations on botulinum neurotoxin A in the rabbit. Neurotox Res 2006; 9: 238.
Kukreja R, Chang TW, Cai S et al. Immunological characterization of the subunits of type A botulinum neurotoxin and different components of its associated proteins. Toxicon 2009; 53: 616-24.
Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Science. 2010; 327: 291-5.
Sharon N, Lis H. History of lectins: From hemagglutinins to biological recognition molecules. Glycobiology 2004; 14: 53R-62R.
Jung ID, Jeong SK, Lee CM et al. Enhanced efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines produced by со-treatment with Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin, a novel TLR4 agonist. Cancer Res 2011; 71(8): 2858-7077.
Dressier D, Adib Saberi F. New formulation of Botox: Complete antibody-induced treatment failure in cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 108-9.
Benecke R. Clinical relevance of botulinum toxin immunogenicity. BioDrugs 2012; 26: el-9.
Kranz G, Sycha T, Voller В et al. Neutralizing antibodies in dystonic patients who still respond well to botulinum toxin type A. Neurology 2008; 70: 133-6.
Lange O, Bigalke H, Dengler R et al. Neutralizing antibodies and secondary therapy failure after treatment with botulinum toxin type A: Much ado about nothing? Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32:213-8.
Yablon SA, Brashear A, Gordon MF et al. Formation of neutralizing antibodies in patients receiving botulinum toxin type A for treatment of poststroke spasticity: A pooled-data analysis of three clinical trials. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 683-90.
Brin MF, Cornelia CL, Jankovic J et al.; CD-017 BoNTA Study Group. Long-term treatment with botulinum toxin type A in cervical dystonia has low immunogenicity by mouse protection assay. Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 1353-60.
Schulte-Baukloh Н, Bigalke Н, Miller К et al. Botulinum neurotoxin type A in urology: Antibodies as a cause of therapy failure. Int J Urol 2008; 15: 407-15.
Mohammadi B, Buhr N, Bigalke H et al. A longterm follow-up of botulinum toxin A in cervical dystonia. Neurol Res 2009; 31: 463-6.
Muller K, Mix E, Adib Saberi F et al. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A for spasticity. J Neural Transm 2009; 116: 579-85.
Naumann M, Carruthers A, Carruthers J et al. Meta-analysis of neutralizing antibody conversion with OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX*) across multiple indications. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 2211-8.
Dressier D. Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm. J Neurol 2000; 247: 809-10.
Hefter H, Spiess C, Rosenthal D. Very early reduction in efficacy of botulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystonia in patients with subsequent secondary treatment failure: A retrospective analysis. J Neural Transm 2014; 121: 513-9.
Dressier D, Adib Saberi F, Bigalke H. IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin*) can produce antibody-induced therapy failure in a patient pretreated with abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport*). J Neural Transm 2014; 121: 769-71.
Dressier D. Five-year experience with incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin*): The first botulinum toxin drug free of complexing proteins. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19: 385-9.
Hefter H, Hartmann C, Kahlen U et al. Prospective analysis of neutralising antibody titres in secondary non-responders under continuous treatment with a botulinumtoxin type A preparation free of complexing proteins - a single cohort 4-year follow-up study. BMJ Open 2012; 2.
Dressier D. Clinical presentation and management of antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin therapy. Mov Disord 2004; 19(Suppl 8): S92-S100.
Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin type A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 213-7.
Herrmann J, Geth K, Mall V et al. Clinical impact of antibody formation to botulinum toxin A in children. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 732-5.
Carruthers JD, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. Botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 17-21.
Goldenthal KL. Food and Drug Administration website. Department of Health & Human Services. Available at: fda.gov/down-loads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/ HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/Approv-alApplications/TherapeuticBiologicApplications/ ucm088278.pdf. Accessed June 29, 2016.
Small R. Botulinum toxin injection for facial wrinkles. Am Fam Physician 2014; 90: 168-75.
Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA, et al. Botulinum toxin type A injections: adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 407-15.
Kavanagh GM, Oh C, Shams K. BOTOX delivery by iontophoresis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 1093-5.
Solomon P. Delivery of Botox* by iontophoresis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153: 1075.
Frankel AD, Pabo CO. Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 1988; 55: 1189-93.
Green M, Loewenstein PM. Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus that trans-activator protein. Cell 1988; 55: 1179-88.
Waugh JM, Lee J, Dake MD, Browne D. Non-clinical and clinical experiences with CPP-based self-assembling peptide systems in topical drug development. In: Langel U (ed). Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 683. Humana Press, New York; 2011, 553-72. Available at: revance.com/pdfs/ WaughJ_201l_Nonclinical-and-clinical-experiences-with-CPP-based-self-assembling-peptide-systems-in-topical-drug-development.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2016.
Aoki KR. A comparison of the safety margins of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, and F in mice. Toxicon 2001; 39: 1815-1820.
Glogau RG. Topically applied botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: Results of a randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S76-S80.
Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A topical gel for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. ClinicalTrials.gov website. clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02565732. Accessed June 13, 2016.
Revance announces positive phase 2 results for RT001 botulinum toxin type A topical gel to treat axillary hyperhidrosis [press release, Dec 23, 2015]. Revance Therapeutics website. Available at: investors.revance.com/releasedetail. cfm?releaseid=948101. Accessed June 23, 2016.
Kane MA, Blitzer A, Brandt FS et al. Development and validation of a new clinically-meaningful rating scale for measuring lateral canthal line severity. Aesthet Surg J 2012; 32: 275-85.
Glogau R, Blitzer A, Brandt F, Kane M, Mon-heit GD, Waugh JM. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a botulinum toxin type A topical gel for the treatment of moder-ate-to-severe lateral canthal lines. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11: 38-45.
Brandt F, O’Connell C, Cazzaniga A, Waugh JM. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a novel botulinum toxin topical gel for the treatment of moderate to severe lateral canthal lines. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2111-2118.
Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A topical gel for lateral canthal lines (REALISE 1). ClinicalTrials.gov website, www.clin-icaltrials.gov/ct2/show?term=revance&rank=3. Accessed June 27, 2016.
Revance reports results for RT001 topical phase 3 trial for lateral canthal lines [press release, Jun 13, 2016]. Revance Therapeutics website. Available at: investors.revance.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=975537. Accessed June 27, 2016. Data on file. Revance Therapeutics, Inc., Newark, California.
Inoue К, Fujinaga Y, Watanabe Т. Molecular composition of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxins. Infect Immun 1996; 64(5): 1589-94.
Dasgupta BR. Botulinum neurotoxin: Studies on the structure and structure-biological activity relation. Toxicon 1979; 17: 41-101.
Cheng LW, Henderson TDII. Comparison of oral toxicological properties of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B. Toxicon 2011; 58(1): 62-7.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 1980; 87(10): 1044-9.
Pickett A. Dysport: Pharmacological properties and factors that influence toxin action. Toxicon 2009; 54(5): 683-9.
Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, Gibson J, Nordquist M, Mordaunt J, Walker P, Eadie N. BOTOX Glabellar Lines I Study Group, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46(6): 840-9.
Ascher B, Zakine B, Kestemont P et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of 3 doses of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51(2): 223-33.
Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Botulinum toxin: The story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Perspect Biol Med 1997; 40(3): 317-27.
Data on File. Allergan, Inc.; from Allergan Website: hcp.botoxcosmetic.com. Accessed July 19, 2015.
Binz T, Rummel A. Cell entry strategy of clostridial neurotoxins. J Neurochem 2009; 109(6): 1584-95.
Aoki KR, Ranoux D, Wissel J. Using translational medicine to understand clinical differences between botulinum toxin formulation. European Journal of Neurology 2006; 13: 10-9.
Kavanagh GM, Oh C, Shams K. Botox delivery by iontophoresis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151(5): 1093-5
Andrade PC, Flores GP, Uscello Jde F, Miot HA, Morsoleto MJ. Use of iontophoresis or phonophoresis for delivering onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: A report on four cases. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86(6): 1243-6.
Eisele KH, Taylor HV. Dissociation of the 900 kDa neurotoxin complex from c. botulinum under physiological conditions. Toxicon 2008; 51 (supplement l):10—10.
Eisele KH, Fink K, Vey M, Taylor HV. Studies on the dissociation of botulinum neurotoxin type A complexes. Toxicon 2011 Mar 15; 57(4): 555-65.
Trindade de Almeida AR, Marques E, de Almeida J, Cunha T, Boraso R. Pilot study comparing the diffusion of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A in patients with forehead hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(1 Spec No.): S37-43.
Wohlfarth K, Schwandt I, Wegner F, Jurgens T, Gelbrich G, Wagner A, Bogdahn U, Schulte-Mattler W. Biological activity of two botulinum toxin type A complexes (Dysport and Botox) in volunteers: A double-blind, randomized, dose-ranging study. J Neurol 2008; 255(12): 1932-9.
Hexsel D, Dal’Forno T, Hexsel C, Do Prado DZ, Lima MM. A randomized pilot study comparing the action halos of two commercial preparations of botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34(1): 52-9.
Eisele KH. Is there a role for complexing proteins in pharmaceutical neurotoxin formulations? Presented at the International Masters Course on Aging Skin. Jan 8-11, 2009. Paris, France.
Pickett A. Consistent biochemical data are essential for comparability of botulinum toxin type A products. Drugs R D. 2011; 11: 97-8.
Dressier D, Mander G, Fink K. Measuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox(R)) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin (R)) in an LD50 assay. J Neural Transm 2012; 119: 13-5.
Karsai S, Adrian R, Hammes S, Thimm J, Raulin C. A randomized double-blind study of the effect of Botox and Dysport/Reloxin on forehead wrinkles and electromyographic activity. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143(11): 1447-9.
Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: A review of the evidence. Biologies: Targets & Therapy 2014; 8: 227-41.
Benson J, Daugherty KK. Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of sialorrhea. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41(1): 79-85.
Xiao Z, Qu G. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on collagen deposition in hypertrophic scars. Molecules 2012; 17(2): 2169-77. doi: 10.3390/molecules 17022169
Gauglitz GG. Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars: Current and emerging options. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013; 6: 103-14.
Zhibo X, Miaobo Z. Intralesional botulinum toxin type A injection as a new treatment measure for keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124(5): 275e-277e.
Gazerani P, Pedersen NS, Staahl C et al. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A reduces capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain vasomotor reactions in human skin. Pain 2009; 141: 60-9.
Walker TJ, Dayan SH. Comparison and overview of currently available neurotoxins. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2014; 7(2): 31-9.
Ipsen. Dysport Cosmesis Global Indications, May 2012. Data on file, Galderma Laboratories, L.P. from website www.dysportusa.com/what-is-dysport. Accessed August 23, 2017.
Rose AE, Goldberg DJ. Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39(3 Pt 1): 443-8.
Ibrahim O, Keller EC, Arndt KA. Update on botulinum neurotoxin use in aesthetic dermatology. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2014; 33(4): 152-6.
Rostami R, Machado D, Richardson D, Jab-bari B. Focal injection of Incobotulinum Toxin A improves refractory local cancer pain at the site of radiation/surgery. Poster Session III, Neurologic Complications of Cancer. April 29, 2014.
Brodsky MA, Swope DM, Grimes D. Diffusion of botulinum toxins. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements 2012; 2: tre-02-85-417-1.
Callaway JE. Botulinum toxin type В (Myobloc): Pharmacology and biochemistry. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22(1): 23-8.
Yang GH, Jung HH. A new botulinum toxin potentially bioequivalent to onabotulinumtoxinA: Are there any differences at all? Dermatol Surg 2013; 39(1 Pt 2): 165-70.
Won CH, Lee HM, Lee WS et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel botulinum toxin type A product for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled multicenter study. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39(1 Pt 2): 171-8.
Yoon JS, Kim JC, Lee SY. Double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Meditoxin versus Botox in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. Korean J Ophthalmol 2009; 23(3): 137-41.
Rho NK, Kim HS, Kim YS et al. Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles and benign masseter hypertrophy in Korean patients. Korean J Dermatol 2010; 48(10): 823-31.
Data on file, Medytox website; from Allergan website: www.medy-tox.co.kr/en_new/ html/intro_l_04.php. Accessed July 26, 2015.
Kaplan IM, Wadia JS, Dowdy SE Cationic TAT peptide transduction domain enters cells by macropinocytosis. J Control Release 2005; 102(1): 247-53.
Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S, Rosen N, Muhn C, Bertucci V, Swift A et al. Injectable DaxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines: A Phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with OnabotulinumtoxinA and placebo. Dermatol Surg. 2017; Jun 12.
Wu CJ, Shen JH, Chen Y, Lian YJ. Comparison of two different formulations of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Turk Neurosurg 2011; 21(4): 625-9.
Careta MF, Delgado L, Patriota R. Report of allergic reaction after application of botulinum toxin. Aesthet Surg J 2015; 35(5):NP102-5.
Rieder CR, Schestatsky P, Socal MP et al. A double-blind, randomized, crossover study of Prosigne’ versus Botox’ in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007; 30(1): 39-42.
Jiang HY, Chen S, Zhou J, Leung KK, Yu P. Diffusion of two botulinum toxins type A on the forehead: Double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40(2): 184-92.
Talarico S. Chinese Cosmetic Toxin. International Masters Course on Aging Skin. Paris, January 28, 2012. Presentation.
Hunt T, Clarke K. Potency of the botulinum toxin product CNBTX-A significantly exceeds labeled units in standard potency test. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58(3): 517-18.
Chertow DS, Tan ET, Maslanka SE et al. Botulism in 4 Adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. JAMA 2006; 296: 2476-9.
Souayah N, Karim H, Kamin SS, McArdle J, Marcus S. Severe botulism after focal injection of botulinum toxin. Neurology 2006; 67: 1855-6.
Chertow DS, Tan ET, Maslanka SE, Schulte J, Bresnitz EA, Weisman RS, Bernstein J et al. Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. JAMA 2006; 296(20): 2476-9.
Scott АВ, Rosenbaum A, Collins CC. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 1973; 12(12): 924-7.
grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/botulinum-toxin-market. Accessed March 3, 2017.
grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-botulinum-toxin-market. Accessed March 3, 2017.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus. Am Orthop J 1985; 35: 28-29.
Elston JS, Russell RW. Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on neurogenic blepharospasm. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290(6485), 1857-9.
Pickett A. Historical aspects of botulinum toxin used clinically: Part I: is that the right serotype? Botulinum /2013; 2(3/4): 176-8.
Fu FN, Sharma SK, Singh BR. A protease-resistant novel hemagglutinin purified from type A Clostridium botulinum. J Protein Chem 1998; 17(1): 53-60.
Eisele KH et al. Studies on the dissociation of botulinum neurotoxin type A complexes. Toxicon 2011; 57(4): 555-65.
Fujinaga Y, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T. Uptake of botulinum neurotoxin in the intestine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 364: 45-59.
Pickett A. Historical aspects of botulinum toxin used clinically: Part II: overcoming resistance. Botulinum /2015; 3(1): 34-40.
Strotmeier J. etal. Human synaptotagmin-II is not a high affinity receptor for botulinum neurotoxin В and G: increased therapeutic dosage and immunogenicity. FEBS Lett 2012; 586(4): 310-3.
Alster TS, Lupton JR. Botulinum toxin type В for dynamic glabellar rhytides refractory to botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29(5): 516-8.
SadickNS. Prospective open-label study of botulinum toxin type В (Myobloc) at doses of 2,400 and 3,000 U for the treatment of glabellar wrinldes. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29(5): 501-7; discussion 507.
Carruthers A et al. Dose-finding, safety, and tolerability study of botulinum toxin type В for the treatment of hyperfunctional glabellar lines. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(1 Spec No.): S60-8.
Erdal E et al. Processing of tetanus and botulinum A neurotoxins in isolated chromaffin cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1995; 351(1): 67-78.
Friday D, Bigalke H, Frevert J. In vitro stability of botulinum toxin complex preparations at physiological pH and temperature. International Conference on Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum and Tetanus Toxins. 2002.
www.xeomin.com/consumers/about-xeomin/experience-xeomin/. Accessed March 3,2017.
Pickett A. Reviews of botulinum toxin products in aesthetic use must be accurate, clear and avoid speculation. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5: 149-52.
Pickett A. Immunogenicity issues related to botulinum toxins in clinical use cannot be answered by speculation about product characteristics. BioDrugs 2013; 27(1): 83-4.
Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are not interchangeable: a review of the evidence. Biologies 2014; 8: 227-41.
Kamin W et al. Anaphylaxis after vaccination due to hypersensitivity to gelatin. Klin Padiatr 2006; 218(2): 92-4.
Careta MF, Delgado L, Patriota R. Report of allergic reaction after application of botulinum toxin. Aesthet Surg J 2015; 35(5): NP102-5.
Kim BJ et al. Double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial of a novel botulinum toxin A processed from the strain CBFC26, compared with onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 28(12): 1761-7.
Elkin VD et al. Results of clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of the first Russian botulotoxinum type a Relatox* in the correction of mimic wrinkles [in Russian]. Exp Clin Dermatocosmol2011; 6(2): 6-12.
Plotnikova EV, Elkin VD. Experimental and clinical test on safety and medical effectivness of native botulinic toxin of А-type Relatox* for correction of wrinkles [in Russian]. Family Health -the 21s' Century 2011; 4.
Plotnikova, EV, Elkin, VD, Demchuk, ND, Mironov, AN. et al. Potentialities of esthetic correction of the face by botulotoxin A in complex with hemagglutinin [in Russian], Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 2013; 1: 54-7.
Plotnikova EV, Elkin VD. Results of Relatox treatment for cosmetic defects of the face [in Russian]. Experimental & Clinical Dermatocosmology [Eksp Klin Dermatokosmetol] 2013; 6: 3-6.
Churin AA et al. Study of Subchronic Toxicity of Relatox on Sexually Immature Animals. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160(1): 53-6.
Botogenie from BioMed India, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osd4TGEIGma. Accessed August 23, 2017.
Iranian clinical trials database www.irct. ir/searchresult.php?keyword=8dd=14871&num-ber=l&prt=55648dotal=10&m=1. Accessed February 12, 2016.
Glogau R. etal. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a botulinum toxin type A topical gel for the treatment of moderate-to-severe lateral canthal lines. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11(1): 38-45.
Brandt F et al. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a novel botulinum toxin topical gel for the treatment of moderate to severe lateral canthal lines. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2111-8.
Zhu Z. et al. A novel botulinum neurotoxin topical gel: Treatment of allergic rhinitis in rats and comparative safety profile. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26(6): 450-4.
www.investors.revance.com/releasedetail.cfmTRe-leaseID=975537. Accessed March 3, 2017.
Garcia-Murray E. et al. Safety and efficacy of RT002, an injectable botulinum toxin type A, for treating glabellar lines: Results of a Phase 1/2, open-label, sequential dose-escalation study. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41 (Suppl 1): S47-55.
Data presented at TOXINS 2017, Madrid, Spain, January 2017 and IMCAS Paris, January 2017.
Carruthers J, Solish N, Humphrey S, Rosen N, Muhn C, Bertucci V et al. Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of Glabellar lines: A phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with onabotulinumtoxinA and placebo. Dermatol Surg. 2017. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001206.
Kim JE et al. The efficacy and safety of liquid-type botulinum toxin type A for the management of moderate to severe glabellar frown lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135(3): 732-41.
theinvestor.co.kr/view.phpTud— 20170224000539. Accessed March 3,2017.
Oh HM et al. Efficacy and safety of a new botulinum toxin type A free of complexing proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 8(1). doi: 10.3390/ toxins8010001.
clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT 02353871 ?term=nct02353871 &rank= 1. Accessed February 14, 2016.
clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT 02493946?term=nct02493946&rank= 1. Accessed February 14, 2016.
www.ipsen.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2014/02/05-02-2014-PR-Dysport-Next-Gen-eration-EN.pdf 5th February 2014. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Ascher В et al. Efficacy and safety of a ready-touse liquid formulation of abobotulinumtoxinA in moderate to severe glabellar lines: results of a phase II randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Poster presented at Toxins 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, January 14-17, 2015.
Presentation by Humberto C. Antunes to IMCAS Annual Meeting, IMCAS Paris, January 2014.
galderma.com/Media/Press-releases/ articleType/ArticleView/articleld/40/Galderma-initiates-clinical-development-of-novel-muscle-relaxant 6th June 2013. Accessed February 14, 2016.
galderma.com/Media/Press-releases/ articleType/ArticleView/articleld/70/Galderma-lnitiates-US-Study-of-Novel-Muslce-Relaxant-for-Aesthetic-Dermatology-and-Cosmetic-Surgery 6th October 2014. Accessed February 14,2016.
www.primequal.com/der_talent_bp.php. Accessed February 14, 2016.
www.tsklab.nl/bont-syringes/. Accessed February 14, 2016.
www.tsklab.nl/bont-needles/. Accessed February 14, 2016.
Sezgin B. et al. The effect of microneedle thickness on pain during minimally invasive facial procedures: A clinical study. Aesthet Surg J 2014; 34(5): 757-765.
Alam M. et al. Effect of needle size on pain perception in patients treated with botulinum toxin type A injections: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151(11): 1194-9.
Nantel-Battista M, Vadeboncoeur S, Benohanian A. Selection of safe parameters for jet injection of botulinum toxin in palmar hyperhidrosis. Aesthet Surg /2013; 33(2): 295-7.
lannitti T. et al. A preliminary study of painless and effective transdermal botulinum toxin A delivery by jet nebulization for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8: 931-5.
Pickett A. Globalization of neurotoxins for facial aesthetics attracts new players. Aesthetic Guide 2017; 66-74.
www.htheinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud= 20170814000756. Accessed August 14, 2017.
iprotox.com/mbs/protox/subview.jsp?id=protox_020200000000. Accessed March 3, 2017.
bonti.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Bonti_EB-001-Phase-2A-GL-Topline-Results_Press-Release_FINAL_8.8.17.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2017.
Masuyer G et al. Engineered botulinum neurotoxins as new therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 54: 27-51.
www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT 01157377?term=NCT01157377&rank=l. Accessed February 14,2016.
www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/ NC01129531?term-NCT01129531&rank=l. Accessed February 14, 2016.
www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2016/04/WC500204741.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2017.
American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2014 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. 2015. http://www. plasticsurgery.org
American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2015.
Lambros V. Models of facial aging and implications for treatment. Clin Plast Surg 2008; 35: 319-27.
Pessa JE, Slice DE, Hanz KR, Broadbent TH Jr, Rohrich RJ. Aging and the shape of the mandible. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121: 196-200.
Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: Anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119: 2219-27.
DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part I. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33: 561-75.
Monheit GD, Narins RS, Mariwalla K. NASHA family. In: Carruthers J, Carruthers A (eds). Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology: Soft Tissue Augmentation. New York: Elsevier; 2013, 10-12.
Wang F, Garza LA, Kang S, Varani J, Orringer JS, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. In vivo stimulation of a de novo collagen production caused by cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler injections in photodamaged human skin. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 155-63.
Turlier V, Delalleau A, Casas C et al. Association between collagen production and mechanical stretching in dermal extracellular matrix: In vivo effect of cross-linked hyaluronic acid filler: A randomised, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69: 187-94.
Quan T et al. Enhancing structural support of the dermal microenvironment activates fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes in aged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133: 658.
Sterling JB, Hanke CW. Poly-L-Lactic acid as a facial filler. Skin Therapy Letter 2005; 10: 9-11.
Graivier MH, Bass LS, Busso M, Jasin ME, Rhoda, Narins S, Tzikas TL. Calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for correction of the mid- and lower face: Consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120: 55-66S.
Coleman KR, Carruthers J. Combination therapy with BOTOX and fillers: The new rejuvenation paradigm. Dermatol Ther 2006; 19: 177-88.
Dessy LA, Mazzocchi M, Rubino C et al. An objective assessment of botulinum toxin A effect on superficial skin texture. Ann Plast Surg 2007; 58: 469-73.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Lei X, Pogoda JM, Eadie N, Brin MF. OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment of mild glabellar lines in repose. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2168-71.
Carruthers JDA, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies - consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121: 5S.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A, Maberley D. Deep resting glabellar rhytides respond to BTX-A and Hylan B. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 539-44.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. A prospective, randomized, parallel group study analyzing the effect of BTX-A (Botox) and Nonanimal Sourced Hyaluronic Acid (NASHA, Restylane) in combination compared with NASHA (Restylane) alone in severe glabellar rhytides in adult female subjects: treatment of severe glabellar rhytides with a hyaluronic acid derivative compared with the derivative and BTX-A. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 802-9.
Patel MP, Talmor M, Nolan WB. Botox and collagen for glabellar furrows: Advantages of combination therapy. Ann Plast Surg 2004; 52: 442-7.
Dubina M et al. Treatment of forehead/glabel-lar rhytide complex with combination botulinum toxin A and hyaluronic acid versus botulinum toxin A injection alone: A split-face, rater-blinded, randomized control trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12: 261-6.
Beer KR, Julius H, Dunn M, Wilson F. Remodeling of periorbital, temporal, glabellar, and crows feet areas with hyaluronic acid and botulinumtoxin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 13: 143-50.
Carruthers JDA, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. et al. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type a, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies - consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121: 8S.
Sarnoff DS, Gotkin RH. Six steps to the “Perfect” lip. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11: 1081-8.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Monheit GD, Davis PG, Tardie G. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of the safety and effectiveness of onabot-ulinumtoxina and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36:2121.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Monheit GD, Davis PG. et al. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of the safety and effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxina and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation: Satisfaction and patient-reported outcomes. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36:2135.
Cuerda-Galindo E, Palomar-Gallego MA, Linares-Garciavaldecasas R. Are combined same-day treatments the future for photorejuvenation? review of the literature on combined treatments with lasers, intense pulsed light, radiofrequency, botulinum toxin, and fillers for rejuvenation. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2015; 17: 49-54.
Goldberg DJ. New collagen formation after dermal remodeling with an intense pulsed light source. J Cutan Laser Ther 2000; 2: 59-61.
Sadick NS, Weiss R. Intense pulsed-light photorejuvenation. Seminars in Cutaneous Med Surg 2002; 21: 280-7.
Weiss RA, Weiss MA, Beasley KL. Rejuvenation of photoaged skin: 5 year results with intense pulsed light of the face, neck, and chest. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 1115-19.
Goldberg DJ. Current trends in intense pulsed light. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012; 5: 45-53.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. The effect of full-face broadband light treatments alone and in combination with bilateral crow’s feet botulinum toxin type A chemodenervation. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 355-66.
Khoury JG, Saluja R, Goldman MP. The effect of botulinum toxin type a on full-face intense pulsed light treatment: A randomized, double-blind, split-face study. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 1062.
Hsu TS, Kaminer MS. The use of nonablative radiofrequency technology to tighten the lower face and neck. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2003; 22: 115-23.
Abraham MT, Ross EV. Current concepts in nonablative radiofrequency rejuvenation of the lower face and neck. Facial Plast Surg 2005; 21: 65-73.
Fitzpatrick R, Geronemus R, Goldberg D, Kaminer M, Kilmer S, Ruiz-Esparza J. Multicenter study of noninvasive radiofrequency for periorbital tissue tightening. Lasers Surg Med 2003; 33: 232-42.
Alster TS, Tanzi E. Improvement of neck and cheek laxity with a nonablative radiofrequency device: A lifting experience. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 503-7.
Koch RJ. Radiofrequency nonablative tissue tightening. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2004; 12: 339-46.
Weiss RA et al. Monopolar radiofrequency facial tightening: A retrospective analysis of efficacy and safety in over 600 treatments. J Drugs Dermatol 2006; 5: 707-12.
Dover JS, Zelickson B. Results of a survey of 5,700 patient monopolar radiofrequency facial skin tightening treatments: Assessment of a low-energy multiple-pass technique leading to a clinical end point algorithm. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 900.
MacGregor JL, Tanzi EL. Microfocused ultrasound for skin tightening. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2013; 32:19.
Fabi SG. Noninvasive skin tightening: Focus on new ultrasound techniques. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:47-52.
MacGregor JL, Tanzi EL. Microfocused ultrasound for skin tightening. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2013; 32: 20.
Alam M, White LE, Martin N, Witherspoon J, Yoo, S West DP. Ultrasound tightening of facial and neck skin: A rater-blinded prospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62: 262-9.
Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Noninvasive lifting of arm, thigh, and knee skin with transcutaneous intense focused ultrasound. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 754-9.
Carruthers J DA, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 17-21.
Swift A, Remington K. BeautiPHIcation™: A global approach to facial beauty. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 38(3): 347-77.
Slater A et al. Newborn infants prefer attractive faces. Infant Behav Devel 1998; 21: 345-54.
Langlois JH et al. Infant preferences for attractive faces: Rudiment of a stereotype? Dev Psychol 1987; 23: 363-9.
Langlois JH et al. Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Dev Psych 1991; 27: 79-84.
Hammermesh DS, Biddle JE. Beauty and the labor market. Am Econ Rev 1994; 84: 1174-94.
Marlowe CM et al. Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? J Appl Psycho 1996; 81: 11-21.
Frieze IH et al. Perceived and actual discrimination in the salaries of male and female managers. J Appl Soc Psychol 1990; 20: 46-67.
Frieze IH et al. Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. J Appl Soc Psychol 1991:21: 1039-57.
Jones DM, Hill K. Criteria for facial attractiveness in five populations. Human Nat 1993; 4:271-96.
Cunningham M et al. Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. J Personality Soc Psychol 1995; 68: 261-79.
Perrett DI et al. Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature 1994; 368: 239-42.
Rhee SC, Lee SH. Attractive composite faces of different races. Aesthetic Plastic Surg 2010; 34(6): 800-1.
Goodman GJ. The oval female facial shape - A study in beauty. Derm Surg 2015; 41(12): 1375-83.
Kane M. Commentary on the oval female facial shape - A study in beauty. Derm Surg 2015; 41(12): 1384-8.
Lee JY et al. Anatomical verification and designation of the superficial layer of the temporalis muscle. Clin Anat 2012; 25: 176-81.
Farella M et al. Masticatory muscle activity during deliberately performed oral tasks. Physiol Meas 2008; 29(12): 1397-410.
Jellinek NJ et al. Paramedian forehead flap: Advances, procedural nuances, and variations in technique. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40: S30-42.
Swift A. Anatomical study of the topographical landmarks of the supratrochlear artery, 2016. Submitted for publication.
Benedetto AV, Lahti JG. Measurement of the anatomic position of the Corrugator Supercilii. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 923-7.
Gordin EA et al. Subcutaneous vs. Intramuscular botulinum toxin split-face randomized study. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2104; 16(3): 193-8.
McCurdy JA. Beautiful eyes: Characteristics and application to aesthetic surgery. Facial Plast Surg 2006; 22: 204-14.
Rhee SC et al. Biometric study of eyelid shape and dimensions of different races with respect to beauty. Aesth Plast Surg 2012; 36: 1236-45.
Fagien S. Temporary management of upper lid ptosis, lid malposition, and eyelid fissure asymmetry with botulinum toxin Type A. Plas Recon Surg J 2004; 114(7): 1892-902.
Figallo EE et al. Nose muscular dynamics: The tip trigonum. Plast Recon Surg 2001; 108(5): 1118-26.
Dayan SH. Treatment of the lower third of the nose and dynamic nasal tip ptosis with botox. Plast Recon Surg 2005; 115(6): 1783-4.
Kligman AM, Zheng P, Lavker RM. The anatomy and pathogenesis of wrinkles. Br J Dermatol 1985; 113: 37-42.
Hillebrand GG, Liang XY, Yoshii T. New wrinkles on wrinkling: an 8-year longitudinal study on the progression of expression lines into persistent wrinkles. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162: 1233-1241.
Tsugi T. Ultrastructure of deep wrinkles in the elderly. J Cutan Pathol 1987;14: 158-164.
Gambichhler T. Mid-dermal elastolysis revisited. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302(2): 85-93.
Tsuji T, Yorifuji T, Hayashi Y, Hamada T. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on wrinkles in aged persons’ skin. Br J Dermatol 1986; 114: 329-335.
Pessa, JE et al. The anatomical basis for wrinkles. Aesthetic Surg /2014; 34(2): 227-234.
Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: Its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974; 53: 384-7.
Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Gummy smile and botulinum toxin: A new approach based on the gingival exposure area. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63(6): 1042-51.
Suber JS et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of a “Gummy Smile”. Aesthetic Surg J 2014; 34(3): 432-7.
Polo M. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the neuromuscular correction of excessive gingival display on smiling (gummy smile). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133(2): 195-203.
Sucupira E, Abramovitz A. A simplified method for smile enhancement: Botulinum toxin injection for gummy smile. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 130(3): 726-8.
Polo M. A simplified method for smile enhancement: Botulinum toxin injection for gummy smile. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131(6): 934e-5e.
Goldman A, Wollina U. Elevation of the corner of the mouth using botulinum toxin Type A. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2010; 3(3): 145-50.
Kim HS et al. An anatomical study of the risorius in Asians and its insertion at the modiolus. Surg Radiol Anat 2015; 37: 147-51.
Tartaro GT etal. Lower facial contouring with botulinum toxin Type A. J Cran Fac Surg 2008; 19(6): 1613-7.
Kim NH et al. The use of botulinum toxin Type A in aesthetic mandibular contouring. Plas Recon Surg Journal 2005; 115(3): 919-30.
Park MY et al. Botulinum toxin Type A treatment for contouring of the lower face. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29(5): 477-83.
Choong JL et al. Electrophysiologic change and facial contour following botulinum toxin A injection in square faces. Plast Recon Surg Journal 2007; 120(3): 769-78.
Liew S, Dart A. Nonsurgical reshaping of the lower face. Aesth Surg Journal 2008; 28(3): 251-7.
Shim WH et al. Effect of botulinum toxin Type A injection on lower facial contouring evaluated using a three-dimensional laser scan. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 2161-6.
Levi PM. The “Nefertiti Lift”: A new technique for specific re-contouring of the Jawline. J of Cosm & Laser Ther 2007; 9(4): 249-52.
Wu WT. Microbotox of the lower face and neck - Evolution of a personal technique and its clinical effects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136: 92S-100S.
Goldsmith L. Biology of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. In: Freedberg I, Eisen A, Wolff K, Goldsmith L, Katz S, Fitzpatrick T (eds). Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999: 157-164.
Goldsmith L. Goldsmith disorders of the eccrine sweat gland. In: Freedberg I, Eisen A, Wolff K, Goldsmith L, Katz SI, Fitzpatrick T (eds). Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999: 800-809.
Stenn K, Bhawan J. The normal histology of the skin. In: Farmer E, Hood A (eds). Pathology of the Skin. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000: 3-29.
Glogau R. Botulinum A neurotoxin for axillary hyperhidrosis: No sweat Botox. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 817-19.
Hund M, Kinkelin I, Naumann M, Hamm H. Definition of axillary hyperhidrosis by gravimetric assessment. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 539-41.
Hornberger J, Grimes K, Naumann M et al. Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 274-86.
Solish N, Bertucci V, Dansereau A et al. A comprehensive approach to the recognition, diagnosis, and severity-based treatment of focal hyperhidrosis: Recommendations of the Canadian Hyperhidrosis Advisory Committee. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 908-23.
Kreyden O, Scheidegger E. Anatomy of the sweat glands, pharmacology of botulinum toxin, and distinctive syndromes associated with hyperhidrosis. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22: 40-4.
Cheshire W, Freeman R. Disorders of sweating. Semin Neurol 2003; 23(4): 399-406.
Grazziotin T, Buffon R, Manzoni A, Libis A, Weber M. Treatment of granulosis rubra nasi with botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 1298-9.
Lear W, Kessler E, Solish N, Glaser D. An epi-dermiological study of hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S69-75.
Seline P, Jaskierny D. Cutaneous metastases from a chondroblastoma initially presenting as unilateral palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 325-7.
Strutton D, Kowalski J, Glaser D, Stang P. US Prevalence of hyperhidrosis and impact on individuals with axillary hyperhidrosis: Results from a national survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 241-8.
Naumann M, Hamm H, Lowe NJ. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on quality of life measures in patients with excessive axillary sweating: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 1218-26.
Tan S, Solish N. Long-term efficacy and quality of life in the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 495-9.
Kowalski J, Ravelo A, Glaser D, Lowe NJ. Qual-ity-of-life effect of botulinum toxin type A on patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis: Results from a North American clinical study population. Pl 96. American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting. San Francisco, California, March 21-26, 2003.
Walling H. Primary hyperhidrosis increases the risk of cutaneous infection: A case-control study of 387 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61(2): 242-6.
Ingordo V, Naldi L, Fracchiolla S, Colecchia B. Prevalence and risk factors for superficial fungal infections among Italian Navy Cadets. Dermatology 2004; 209(3): 190-6.
Hamm H, Naumann M, Kowalski J et al. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: Disease characteristics and functional impairment. Dermatology 2006; 212: 343-53.
Bushara K, Park D. Botulinum toxin and sweating. J Neurol Neuros Psy 1994; 57(11): 1437-8.
Tugnoli A, Ragona R, Eleopra R, De Grandis D, Montecucco C. Treatment of Frey syndrome with botulinum toxin type F. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127: 339-40.
Schnider P, Binder M, AuffE et al. Double-blind trial of botulinum A toxin for the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis of the palms. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 548-52.
Lowe N, Yamauchi P, Lask G, Patnaik R, Iyer S. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 822-7.
Swartling C, Naver H, Lindberg M. Botulinum A toxin improves life quality in severe primary focal hyperhidrosis. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(3): 247-52.
Glaser DA, Kowalski J, Eadie N et al. Hyperhidrosis disease severity scale (HDSS): Validity and reliability results from three studies. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, Washington, DC, 2004.
Stolman L. Treatment of hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Clin 1998; 16(4): 863-9.
Glaser D, Hebert A, Pariser D, Solish N. Palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis: Best practice recommendations and special considerations. Cutis 2007; 79(Suppl 5): 18-28.
Benohanian A, Dansereau A, Bolduc С, Bloom Е. Localized hyperhidrosis treated with aluminum chloride in a salicylic acid gel base. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 701-3.
Praharaj SK, Arora M. Paroxetine useful for palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1884-6.
Bajaj V, Langtry JAA. Use of oral glycopyrronium bromide in hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: 118-21.
Klaber M, Catterall M. Treating hyperhidrosis: Anticholinergic drugs were not mentioned. BMJ 2000; 3217262: 703.
Wolosker N, de Campos JR, Kaufman P et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of oxy-butynin for the initial ttreatment of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. J Vase Surg 2012; 55(6): 1696-1700.
Stolman L. Treatment of excess sweating of the palms by iontophoresis. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 893-6.
Swinehart J. Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis: Combination of the starch-iodine test with the tumescent liposuction technique. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 392-6.
Gossot D, Galetta D, Pascal A et al. Long-term results of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for upper limb hyperhidrosis. Ann Thoracic Surg 2003; 75: 1075-9.
Kim B, Oh B, Park Y et al. Microinvasive video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathicotomy for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Am J Surg 2001; 181(6): 540-2.
Belin E, Polo J. Treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Cutis 2003; 71: 68-70.
Andrews B, Rennie J. Predicting changes in the distribution of sweating following thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Br J Surg 1997; 84(12): 1702-4.
Kao M, Chen Y, Lin J, Hsieh C, Tsai J. Endoscopic sympathectomy treatment for craniofacial hyperhidrosis. Arch Surg 1996; 131(10): 1091-4.
Johnson JE, O’Shaughnessy KF, Kim S. Microwave thermolysis of sweat glands. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44(1): 20-25.
Chin-Но Hong H, Lupin M, O’Shaughnessy KF. Clinical evaluation of a microwave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38(5): 726-735.
Lee SJ, Chang KY, Suh DH et al. The efficacy of a microwave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis and osmidrosis in Asians: A preliminary study. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2013; 15(5): 255-259.
Glaser DA, Coleman W, Fan LK et al. A randomized blinded clinical evaluation of a novel micro-wave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38(2): 185-191.
Lecouflet M, Leux C, Fenot M et al. Duration of efficacy increases with the repetition of botulinum toxin A injections in primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A study in 83 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69(6): 960-4.
Naumann M, Lowe N, Kumar C, Hamm H. Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis over 16 months: A prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139(6): 731-6.
Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann A, Piewig G. Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Eng J Med 2001; 344(7): 488-93.
Heckmann M, Breit S, Ceballos-Baumann A, Schaller M, Piewig G. Side-controlled intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A in recalcitrant axillary hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 987-90.
Schnider P, Binder M, Kittier P et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum A toxin for severe axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 677-80.
Naumann M, Lowe NJ. Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: Randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Br Med J 2001; 323: 596-9.
Lowe N, Glaser D, Eadie N et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A 52-week multi-center double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 604-11.
Glaser D, Kowalski J, Ravelo A, Weng EY, Beddingfield F. Functional and dermatology-specific quality of life benefits with repeated botulinum toxin type A treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, San Francisco, 2006.
Glaser DA, Pariser DM, Hebert AA, Landells I, Somogyi C, Weng E, Brin MF, Beddingfield F. A prospective, nonrandomized, open-label study of the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in adolescents with primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015; 32(5): 609-17. doi: 10.1111/pde.l2620.
Wollina U, Karamfilov T, Konrad H. High-dose botulinum toxin type A therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis markedly prolongs the relapse-free interval. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 536-40.
Lecouflet M, Leux C, Fenot M et al. Duration of efficacy increases with the repetition of botulinum toxin A injections in primary axillary hyperhidrosis: A study in 83 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69(6): 960-4.
El Kahky HM, Diab HM, Aly DG et al. Efficacy of onabotulinum toxin a (Botox) versus abobotulinum toxin a (Dysport) using a conversion factor of 1:2.5 in treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Res Pract 2013; 2012: 686329.
Alam M, Dover J, Arndt K. Pain associated with injection of botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted using isotonic sodium chloride with and without preservative: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 510-4.
Sarifakioglu N, Sarifakioglu E. Evaluating effects of preservative- containing saline solution on pain perception during botulinum toxin type-A injections at different locations: A prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Aesth Plast Surg 2005; 29: 113-5.
Glaser D. Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis by chemodenervation of sweat glands using botulinum toxin type A. J Drugs Dermatol 2004; 3: 627-31.
Vadoud-Seyedi J, Simonart T. Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted in lidocaine or in normal saline: A randomized, side-by-side, double-blind study. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 986-9.
Lowe N, Campanati A, Bodokh I et al. The place of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 1115-22.
Moreau M, Cauhepe C, Magues J, Senard J. Therapeutics: A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Dysport vs. Botox in primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2002; 149: 1041-5.
Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Wang A, Kaufmann H. Botulinum toxin type A in primary palmar hyperhidrosis: Randomized, single-blind, two-dose study. Neurology 2001; 57: 2095-9.
Naver H, Swartling C, Aquilonius S. Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Brief overview of methodology and 2 years’ experience. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6(4): S117-120.
Vadoud-Seyedi J, Heenen M, Simonart T. Treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. Dermatology 2001; 203:318-21.
Glaser D, Kokoska M, Kardesch C. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: the effect of dilution and number of injection sites. American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting, Poster. Washington, DC, March 2-7, 2001.
Baumann L, Frankel S, Esperanza W, Halem M. Cryoanalgesia with dichlorotetrafluoroethane lessens the pain of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29(10): 1057-62.
Trindade de Almeida A, Kadunc B, Martins de Oliveira E. Improving botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis: Wrist block and technical considerations. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 34-6.
Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Botulinum toxin A for palmar hyperhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal 2001; 15: 555-8.
Hund M, Rickert S, Kinkelin I, Naumann M, Hamm H. Does wrist nerve block influence the result of botulinum toxin A treatment in palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:61-2.
Aghaei S. Botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis: Experience in an Iranian population. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46: 212-4.
Perez BA, Avalos-Peralta P, Moreno-Ramirez D, Camacho F. Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: 44 months of experience. J Cosmetic Dermatol 2005; 4: 163-6.
Glogau R. Treatment of hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. Dermatologic Clinics 2004; 22: 177-85.
Kontochristopoulos G, Gregoriou S, Zako-poulou N, Rigopoulos D. Cryoanalgesia with dichlorotetrafluoroethane spray versus ice packs in patients treated with botulinum toxin A for palmar hyperhidrosis: Self-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32(6): 873-4.
Smith K, Comite SL, Storwick GS. Ice minimizes discomfort associated with injection of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S88-91.
Kreyden OP. Botulinum toxin in the management of focal hyperhidrosis. In: Benedetto, AV (ed). Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Dermatology. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2006; Chapter 10: 281-285.
Naumann M, Bergmann I, Hofmann U, Hamm H, Reiners K. Botulinum toxin for focal hyperhidrosis: Technical considerations and improvements in application. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 1123-4.
Benohanian A. Needle-free anaesthesia prior to botulinum toxin type A injection treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156(3): 593-6.
Benohanian A. What stands in the way of treating palmar hyperhidrosis as effectively as axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Online J 2009; 15(4): 12.
Trindade de Almeida AR, Kandunc BV, Martins de Oliveira EM. Improving botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis. Derm Surg 2001; 27: 34-36.
Hayton MJ, Stanley JK, Lowe, NJ. A review of peripheral nerve blockade as local anaesthesia in the treatment of palmar hyperhi- drosis. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 447-451.
Campanati A, Lagalla G, Penna L, Gesuita R, Offidani A. Local neural block at the wrist for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: Technical improvements. JAAD 2004; 51(3): 345-348.
Vollert B, Blaheta H, Moehrle E, Juenger M, Rass-ner G. Intravenous regional anaesthesia for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 632-3.
Ponce-Olivera RM, Tirado-Sanchez A, Arellano-Mendoza MI, Leon-Dorantes G, Kas-sian-Rank S. Palmar hyperhidrosis. Safety efficacy of two anaesthetic techniques for botulinum toxin therapy. Dermatology Online J 2006; 12(2): 9.
Reed M. Surgical pearl: Mechanoanesthesia to reduce the pain of local injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 671-2.
Scherer C, Clelland J, O’Sullivan P, Doleys D, Canan B. The effect of two sites of high frequency vibration on cutaneous pain threshold. Pain 1986; 25(1): 133-8.
Solomon B, Hayman R. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for palmar and digital hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 1026-9.
Glass GE, Hussain M, Fleming AN, Powell BW. Atrophy of the intrinsic musculature of the hands associated with the use of botulinum toxin-A injections for hyperhidrosis: A case report and review of the literature. J Plastic Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 2009; 62(8): 274-6.
Zaiac M, Weiss E, Elgart G. Botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis with ADG needle. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 230.
Trindade de Almeida A, Boraso R. Palmar hyperhidrosis. In: Trindade de Almeida A, Hexsel D (eds). Hyperhidrosis and Botulinum Toxin. Sao Paulo: Know-how Editorial Ltd, 2004; 155-62.
Coutinho dos Santos C, Gomes A, Giraldi S, Abagge K, Marinoni L. Palmar hyperhidrosis: Long-term follow-up of nine children and adolescents treated with botulinum toxin type A. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26(4): 439-44.
Naumann M, Hofmann U, Bergmann I et al. Focal hyperhidrosis: Effective treatment with intracutaneous botulinum toxin. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134(3): 301-4.
Blaheta H, Deusch H, Rasner G, Vollert B. Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier’s block) is superior to a peripheral nerve block for painless treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48(2): 302-4.
Campanati A, Bernardini M, Gesuita R, Offidani A. Plantar focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin: A pilot study. Eur J Dermatol 2007; 17(1): 52-4.
Blaheta H, Deusch H, Rassner G, Vollert B. Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier’s block) is superior to a peripheral nerve block for painless treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48(2): 301-3.
Vadoud-Seyedi J. Treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 969-71.
Sevim S, Dogu O, Kaleagasi H. Botulinum toxin-A therapy for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Acta Neurol Belg 2002; 102: 167-70.
Kinkelin I, Hund M, Naumann M, Hamm H. Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:824-7.
Boger A, Herath H, Rompel R, Ferbert A. Botulinum toxin for treatment of craniofacial hyperhidrosis. J Neurol 2000; 247(11): 857-61.
Glaser DA, Herbert AA, Pariser DM, Solish N. Facial hyperhidrosis: Best practice recommendations and special considerations. Cutis 2007; 79(5 Suppl): 29-32.
Hexsel D, Dal’forno T, Hexsel C. Inguinal, or Hexsel’s hyperhidrosis. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22(1): 53-9.
Drobik C, Laskawi R. Frey’s syndrome: Treatment with botulinum toxin. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1995; 115: 459-61.
Naumann M, Zellner M, Toyka K, Reiners K. Treatment of gustatory sweating with botulinum toxin. Ann Neurol 1997; 42(6): 973-75.
Bjerkhoel A, Trobbe O. Frey’s syndrome: Treatment with botulinum toxin. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111(9): 839-44.
Laskawi R, Drobik C, Schonebeck C. Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin type A treatment in patients with gustatory sweating (Freys syndrome). Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 381-4.
Laccourreye O, Akl E, Gutierrez-Fonseca R et al. Recurrent gustatory sweating (Frey’s syndrome) after intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A: Incidence, management, and outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125: 283-6.
Huh C, Han K, Deo K, Eun H. Botulinum toxin treatment for compensatory hyperhidrosis subsequent to an upper thoracic sympathectomy. J Dermatol Treat 2002; 13: 91-3.
Kim W, Kil H, Yoon K, Noh K. Botulinum toxin: A treatment for compensatory hyperhidrosis in the trunk. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35(5): 833-8.
Matarasso S. Treatment of facial chromhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52(1): 89-91.
Ross AT. Progressive selective sudomotor denervation; a case with coexisting Adie’s syndrome. Neurology 1958; 8: 808-17.
Kreyden OP. Rare forms of hyperhidrosis. In: Kreyden OP et al. (eds). Hyperhidrosis and Botulinum Toxin in Dermatology. Basel: Karger; 2002; 30: 178-87.
Kreyden OP, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Burg G. Idiopathic localized unilateral hyperhidrosis. Case report of successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A and review of the literature. Arch Dermatology 2001; 137: 1622-5.
Schulz V, Ward D, Moulin DE. Segmental hyperhidrosis as a manifestation of spinal and paraspinal disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1998; 25(4): 325-7.
Charrow A, DiFazio M, Foster L et al. Intradermal botulinum toxin type A injection effectively reduces residual limb hyperhidrosis in amputees: A case series. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89; 1407-9.
Gratrix M, Hivnor C. Botulinum toxin A treatment for hyperhidrosis in patients with prosthetic limbs. Arch Dermatol 2010; 145: 1314-5.
Birklein F, Eisenbarth G, Erbguth F, Winterholler M. Botulinum toxin type В blocks sudomotor function effectively: A 6 month follow up. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121(6): 1312-6.
Schlereth T, Mouka I, Eisenbarth G, Winterholler M, Birklein F. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) and sweating-dose efficacy and comparison to other BoNT preparations. Autonom Neurosci 2005; 117: 120-6.
Dressier D, Abid Saberi F, Benecke R. Botulinum toxin type В for treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. J Neurol 2002; 249: 1729-32.
Nelson L, Bachoo P, Holmes J. Botulinum toxin type B: A new therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Plastic Surg 2005; 58: 228-32.
Baumann L, Halem M. Systemic adverse effects after botulinum toxin type В (myobloc) injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 226-7.
Baumann L, Slezinger A, Halem M et al. Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 263-70.
Hecht M, Birklein F, Winterholler M. Successful treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with very low doses of botulinum toxin B: A pilot study. Arch Dermatol 2003; 295: 318-9.
Kavanagh G, Oh C, Shams K. BOTOX delivery by iontophoresis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 1093-5.
Glogau R. Topically applied botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: Results of a randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S76-80.
Tsui JK, Eisen А, Мак Е et al. A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Can J Neurol Sci 1985;12(4):314-6.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/?term= botulinum+pain. Accessed January 13, 2016.
Smith K, Alam M. Botulinum toxin for pain relief and treatment of headache. In: Carruthers A, Carruthers J (eds) Botulinum Toxin, 2nd ed, Philadelphia, Elsevier; 2008, 93-104.
Smith КС, Goldberg D. Dermatologists can use botulinum toxin to treat headache. Point/counterpoint. Practical Dermatology 2004.
Finzi E, Rosenthal NE. Treatment of depression with onabotulinumtoxinA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 52:1-6.
Magid M, Reichenberg JS, Poth PE et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder using botulinum toxin A: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75(8): 837-844.
Wollmer MA, de Boer C, Kalak N et al. Facing depression with botulinum toxin: A randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46(5):574-581.
Reichenberg JS, Hauptman AJ, Robertson HT et al. Botulinum toxin for depression: Does patient appearance matter? J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74(1): 171-173.
Hennenlotter A, Dresel C, Castrop F et al. The link between facial feedback and neural activity within central circuitries of emotionenew insights from botulinum toxin-induced denervation of frown muscles. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19(3): 537-542.
Lewis MB. The positive and negative psychological potential of botulinum-toxin (Botox) injections. Abstract presented at: British Psychological Society Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom; April 9, 2013. Available from: URL: abstracts.bps.org. uk/abstracts/abstracts_home.cfm?&Results Type=Abstracts&ResultSet_ID=9317&FormDisplayMode=view&frmShowSelected=true&localAction=details. Accessed January 5, 2016.
Allergan Reports Topline Phase II Data Supporting Advancement of BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). prnewswire.com/ news-releases/allergan-reports-topline-phaseii-data- supporting-advancement-of-botox-on-abotulinu mtoxina-for-the-treatment-of-major-depre ssive-disorder-mdd-300435486.html. Accessed April 9, 2017.
Van Beek AL, Lim PK, Gear AJ, Pritzker MR. Management of vasospastic disorders with botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119(1): 217-26.
Stadlmaier E, Muller T, Hermann J, Graninger W. Raynaud’s phenomenon: Treatment with botulinum toxin. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64(supple III): 275.
Sycha T, Graninger M, Auff E, Schnider P. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: A pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34(4): 312-3.
Kossintseva I, Barankin B. Improvement in both Raynaud’s disease and hyperhidrosis in response to botulinum toxin type A treatment. J Cutan Med Surg 2008; 12(4): 189-93.
MacKenzie I, Burnstock G, Dolly JO. The effects of purified botulinum neurotoxin type A on cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic, atropine-resistant autonomic neuromuscular transmission. Neuroscience 1982; 7: 997-1006.
Morris JL, Jobling P, Gibbins IL. Differential inhibition by botulinum neurotoxin A of cotransmitters released from autonomic vasodilator neurons. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281: H2124-H2132.
Morris JL, Jobling P, Gibbins IL. Botulinum neurotoxin A attenuates release of norepinephrine but not NPY from vasoconstrictor neurons. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283(6): H2627-35.
Ansiaux R, Baudelet C, Cron GO et al. Botulinum toxin potentiates cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(4): 1276-83.
Matic DB, Lee TY, Wells RG, Gan BS. The effects of botulinum toxin type A on muscle blood perfusion and metabolism. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120(7): 1823-33.
Oskarsson E, Piehl Aulin K, Gustafsson BE, Pettersson K. Improved intramuscular blood flow and normalized metabolism in lateral epicondylitis after botulinum toxin treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 19: 323-328.
Cui M, Khanijou S, Rubino J, Aoki KR. Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain. Pain 2004; 107: 125-133.
Turk N, Ilhan S, Alp R, Sur H. Botulinum toxin and intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005; 28(4): 161-162.
Aurora S. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7(8): 1085-95.
Welch MJ, Purkiss JR, Foster KA. Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins, lexicon 2000; 38: 245-258.
Rapp DE, Turk KW, Bales GT, Coock SP. Botulinum toxin type A inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide release from isolated rat bladder. The Journal of Urology 2006; 175: 1138-1142.
Durham PL, Cady R, Cady R. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: Implications for migraine therapy. Headache 2004; 44: 35-43.
Carlton SM, Hargett GL, Coggeshall RE. Localization and activation of glutamate receptors in unmyelinated axons of rat glabrous skin. Neurosci Lett 1995; 197(1): 25-8.
Wheeler-Aceto H, Porreca F, Cowan A. The rat paw formalin test: Comparison of noxious agents. Pain 1990; 40(2): 229-38.
Kreyden OP, Scheidegger EP. Anatomy of the sweat glands, pharmacology of botulinum toxin, and distinctive syndromes associated with hyperhidrosis. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22(1): 40-4.
Bansal C, Omlin KJ, Hayes CM, Rohrer ТЕ. Novel cutaneous uses for botulinum toxin type A. J Cosmet Dermatol 2006; 5(3): 268-72.
Martos Diaz P, Bances del Castillo R, Mancha de la Plata M, Naval Gias L, Martinez Nieto C, Lee GY, Munoz Guerra M. Clinical results in the management of Freys syndrome with injections of Botulinum toxin. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13(4): E248-52.
Capaccio P, Torretta S, Osio M, Minorati D, Ottaviani F, Sambataro G, Nascimbene C, Pignataro L. Botulinum toxin therapy: A tempting tool in the management of salivary secretory disorders. Am J Otolaryngol 2008; 29(5): 333-8.
Laing TA, Laing ME, O’Sullivan ST. Botulinum toxin for treatment of glandular hypersecretory disorders. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61(9): 1024-8.
Hill SE, Mortimer NJ, Hitchcock B, Salmon PJ. Parotid fistula complicating surgical excision of a basal cell carcinoma: Successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(11): 1365-7.
Lim YC, Choi EC. Treatment of an acute salivary fistula after parotid surgery: Botulinum toxin type A injection as primary treatment. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265(2): 243-5.
Marchese-Ragona R, Marioni G, Restivo DA, Staffieri A. The role of botulinum toxin in postparotidectomy fistula treatment. A technical note. Am J Otolaryngol 2006; 27(3): 221-4.
Konrad H, Karamfilov T, Wollina U. Intracutaneous botulinum toxin A versus ablative therapy of Hailey-Hailey disease - a case report. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2001; 3(4): 181-4.
Koeyers WJ, Van Der Geer S, Krekels G. Botulinum toxin type A as an adjuvant treatment modality for extensive Hailey-Hailey disease. J Dermatolog Treat 2008; 19(4): 251-4.
Swartling C, Naver H, Lindberg M, Anveden I. Treatment of dyshidrotic hand dermatitis with intradermal botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47(5): 667-71.
Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Adjuvant botulinum toxin A in dyshidrotic hand eczema: A controlled prospective pilot study with left-right comparison. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal 2002; 16(1): 40-2.
Kontochristopoulos G, Gregoriou S, Agiasofitou E, Nikolakis G, Rigopoulos D, Katsambas A. Letter: Regression of relapsing dyshidrotic eczema after treatment of concomitant hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin-A. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(10): 1289-90.
Zanchi M, Favot F, Bizzarini M, Piai M, Donini M, Sedona P. Botulinum toxin type-A for the treatment of inverse psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal 2008; 22(4): 431-6.
Sifaki MK, Krueger-Krasagakis S, Koutsopoulos A, Evangelou GI, Tosca AD. Botulinum toxin type A - treatment of a patient with multiple cutaneous piloleiomyomas. Dermatology 2009; 218(1): 44-7.
Weinfeld PK. Successful treatment of notalgia paresthetica with botulinum toxin type A. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143(8): 980-2.
Dong M, Yeh F, Tepp WH et al. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A. Science 2006 Apr 28; 3125773: 592-6.
Hamdy S, Samir H, El-Sayed M et al. Botulinum toxin: Could it be an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headache? J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 27-34.
Mathew NT, Kailasam J, Meadors L. Predictors of response to botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in chronic daily headache. Headache 2008; 4: 194-200.
Aurora SK, Gawel M, Brandes JL et al. Botulinum toxin type A prophylactic treatment of episodic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study. Headache 2007; 4: 486-99.
Blumenfeld A. Botulinum toxin type A as an effective prophylactic treatment in primary headache disorders. Headache 2003; 4: 853-60.
Klein AW. The therapeutic potential of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30(3): 452-5.
Aoki KR. Evidence for antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache 2003; 43(Suppl1): S9-15.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Cohen J. Dilution volume of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytides: Does it matter? Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S97-104.
Crowe R, Parkhouse N, McGrouther D. Neuropeptide-containing nerves in painful hypertrophic human scar tissue. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130(4): 444-52.
Takeba Y, Suzuki N, Kaneko A et al. Evidence for neural regulation of inflammatory synovial cell functions by secreting calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(11): 2418-29.
Hart DA, Reno C. Pregnancy alters the in vitro responsiveness of the rabbit medial collateral ligament to neuropeptides: Effect on mRNA levels for growth factors, cytokines, iNOS, COX-2, metalloproteinases and TIMPs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1408(1): 35-43.
Jorgensen C, Sany J. Modulation of the immune response by the neuro-endocrine axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12(4): 435-41.
Cordivari C, Misra VP, Catania S et al. Treatment of dystonic clenched fist with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 2001; 16(5): 907-13.
Saenz A, Avellanet M, Garreta R. Use of botulinum toxin type A on orthopedics: A case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(7): 1085-6.
Traba Lopez A, Esteban A. Botulinum toxin in motor disorders: Practical considerations with emphasis on interventional neurophysiology. Neurophysiol Clin 2001; 31(4): 220-9.
Gallien P, Nicolas B, Petrilli S et al. Role for botulinum toxin in back pain treatment in adults with cerebral palsy: Report of a case. Joint Bone Spine 2004; 71(1): 76-8.
Smith КС, Perez-Atamoros F. Other dermatologic uses of botulinum toxin. In: Benedetto AV, (ed). Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Dermatology. London: Taylor and Francis; 2006, 219-236.
Lang AM. Considerations for the use of Botulinum toxin in pain management. Case Management 2006; 11: 279-282.
Finkelstein I, Katsis E. Botulinum toxin type A (BotoxR) improves chronic tension-type headache by altering biomechanics in the cervico-thoracic area: A case study. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 1189-1205.
Vad VB, Donatelli RA, Joshi M, Lang AM, Sims V.O.N.E.U.P. Cervical Thoracic & Lumbar Pain Syndromes Program. Beth Israel Medical Center, Office of Continuing Medical Education, New York. Accessed January 2008.
Smith КС, Arndt KA. Lifting with Neurotoxins in Non-Surgical Skin Tightening and Lifting, Alam M, Dover J (eds). Elsevier, in press, 2008; 107-16.
Smith КС. BOTOX", perhaps augmented by a program of physiotherapy, may improve upper thoracic posture and the appearance of a “breast lift.” In: Alam M (ed). Body Rejuvenation. Taylor and Francis, in press, 2008.
Smith КС, Ludwig D, Price T. Unpublished observations. August 2005.
Jankovic J, Vuong KD, Ahsan J. Comparison of efficacy and immunogenicity of original versus current botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia. Neurology 2003 Apr 8; 60(7): 11868.
Erbguth F. Botulinum toxin, a historical note. Lancet 1998; 351:1280.
Scott AB, Rosenbaum A, Collins CC. Pharmacological weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1973; 12: 924-7.
Scott AB, Suzuki D. Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey. Mov Disord 1988; 3: 333-5.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscle to correct strabismus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1981; 79: 734-70.
American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Available at www.plasticsurgery.org/Patients_and_ Consumers/Procedures/Cosmetic_Procedures/ Botulinum_Toxin.html.
White L, Tanzi EL, Alster TS. Improving patient retention after botulinum toxin type A treatment. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32: 212-15.
Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA, Walton MK, Braun M. Botulinum toxin type A injections: Adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases. JAAD 2005; 53: 407-15.
Glogau RG. Review of the use of botulinum toxin for hyperhidrosis and cosmetic purposes. Clin J Pain 2002; 18(Suppl); S191-7.
Gart MS, Gutkowski KA. Aesthetic uses of neuromodulators: Current uses and future directions. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 55(Suppl): 62-9.
Gershon SK, Wise RP, Braun MM. Adverse events reported with cosmetic use of botulinum toxin A. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf2001; lO(Suppl): S135-6.
Furrow BF, Greaney TL, Johnson SH, Jost TS, Schwartz RL. Liability in Health Care Law, 5th ed. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing; 2004.
Hyams AL, Shapiro DW, Brennan TA. Medical practice guidelines in malpractice litigation: An early retrospective. J Health Policy Law 1996; 21: 289.
Lamont v Brookwood Health Service, Inc., 446 So.2d 1018 (Ala. 1983).
Gannon v Elliot, 19 Cal. App. 4th 1 1993.
Botox lawsuit is raising eyebrows. NY Times, April 4, 2004.
Jesitus J. Bogus botox sounds wake-up call. Dermatology Times, February 1, 2005. Available at: www.dermatologytimes.com/dermatolo-gytimes/article/articleDetail.jsp?id= 146023.
Lamanna C. The most poisonous poison. Science 1959; 130: 763-72.
Burrows AM, Li L, Waller BM, Micheletta J. Social variables exert selective pressures in the evolution and form of primate mimetic musculature. J Anat 2016; 228(4): 595-607.
Cotofana S, Fratila AA, Schenck TL, Redka-Swoboda W, Zilinsky I, Pavicic T. The anatomy of the aging face: A review. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32(3): 253-60.
Kumar R, Dhaliwal HP, Kukreja RV, Singh BR. The Botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent: Molecular structure and mechanism of action in motor and sensory systems. Semin Neurol 2016; 36(1): 10-9. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/26866491
Dressier D, Benecke R. Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29(23): 1761-8.
Package insert on ВОТОХ/ВОТОХ. Cosmetic. Irvine, CA: Allergan, Inc; revised October 2017.
Package insert on Dysport, Galderma Laboratories, L.P., Fort Worth, TX,-revised March 2012.
Package insert on Xeomin", Merz Pharma, GmbH&Co KGaA, Am Pharmapark, D-06861, Dessal-RossLau, Germany—revised April 2014.
Brin MF, Boodhoo TI, Pogoda JM et al. Safety and tolerability of OnaBTX-A in the treatment of facial lines: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from global clinical registration studies in 1678 participants. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61(6): 961-70, el-ell.
Schlessinger J, Dover JS, Joseph J et al. Long-term safety of abobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines: Results from a 36-month, multicenter, open-label extension study. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40: 176-83.
Rzany B, Flynn TC, Schlobe Am Heinz M et al. Long-term results for incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 95-103.
Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 1980; 87(10): 1044-49.
Carruthers JA, Lowe NJ, Menter MA, Gibson J et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 840-9.
Monheit G, Carruthers A, Brandt F et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines: Determination of optimal dose. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: s51-9.
Kane MA, Brandt F, Rohrich RJ et al. Evaluation of variable-dose treatment with a new U.S. botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) for correction of moderate to severe glabellar lines: Results from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124: 1619-29.
Brandt F, Swanson N, Baumann L et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled study of new botulinum toxin type A for treatment of glabellar lines: Efficacy and safety. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:1893-901.
Sattler G, Callender M, Grablowitz D, Walker T et al. Noninferiority of incobotulinumtoxinA, free from complexing proteins, compared with another botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar frown lines. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 2146-54.
Imhof M, Kuhne U. A phase III study of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011; 4: 28-34.
Prager W, Huber-Vorlander J, TauFigure AZ et al. Botulinum toxin type A treatment to the upper face: Retrospective analysis of daily practice. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2012; 5: 53-8.
Karsai S, Raulin C. Current evidence on the unit equivalence of the different botulinum neurotoxin A formulations and recommendations for clinical practice in dermatology. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 1-8.
Lorenc ZP, Kenkel JM, Fagien S et al. Consensus panel’s assessment and recommendations of the use of 3 botulinum toxin type A products in facial aesthetics. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33:35s-40s.
Kane M, Donofrio L, Ascher В et al. Expanding the use of neurotoxins in facial aesthetics: A consensus panel’s assessment and recommendations. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9(suppl): s7-s22.
Carruthers A, Kane MAC, Flynn TC et al. The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine - A global, evidencebased botulinum toxin consensus education initiative part I: Botulinum toxin in clinical and cosmetic practice. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39(3): 493-509.
Carruthers J, Fournier N, Kerscher M et al. The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine - A global, evidencebased botulinum toxin consensus education initiative part II: Incorporating botulinum toxin into aesthetic clinical practice. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39(3): 510-25.
Carruthers JDA, Carruthers JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. Botulinum-A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 17-21.
Blitzer A, Brin MF, Keen MS, Aviv JE. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1018-22.
Hankins CL, Strimling R, Rogers GS. Botulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinkles: Dose and response. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24:1181-3.
Carruthers JD, Lowe NJ, Menter MA et al. Double-blind, placebocontrolled study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for patients with glabellar lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112:1089-98.
Wu Y, Zhao G, Li H et al. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines in Chinese: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(1): 102-8.
Rzany B, Ascher B, Monheit GD. Treatment of glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A (Speywood Unit): A clinical overview. JEADV 2010; 24(Suppl 1), 1-14.
Trindade de Almeida AR, da Costa Marques ER, Banegas R et al. Glabellar contraction patterns: A tool to optimize botulinum toxin treatment. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38(9): 1506-15.
Fratila A, Attrasch C, Zubcov-Iwantscheff A. Structural and functional anatomy of the orbital region, Chapter 1. In: Fratila A, Zubcov-Iwantscheff A, Coleman WR (ed). Illustrated Guide to Eyelid and Perioral Surgery: Applied Anatomy, Examination, Blepharoplasty. UK: Quintessence Publishing Co, Ltd; 2015, pp. 1-25.
Standring S (ed). Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Chapter 30 and 33,41st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016.
Benedetto AV, Lahti JG. Measurements of the anatomical position of the corrugator supercilii. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 923-7.
Janis JE, Ghavanni A, Lemmon JA et al. Anatomy of the corrugator supercilii muscle: Part 1. Corrugator topography. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120: 1647-53.
Knize DM. Muscles that act on glabellar skin: A closer look. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105(1): 350-61.
Macdonald MR, Spiegel J, Raven RB et al. An anatomical approach to glabellar rhytides. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124:1315-20.
Park JI, Hoagland TM, Park MS. Anatomy of the corrugator supercilii muscle. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2003; 5:412-5.
Cook Jr. BE, Lucarelli MJ, Lemke BN. Depressor supercilii muscle: Anatomy, histology, and cosmetic implications. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 17: 404-11.
Flynn TC, Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Surgical pearl: The use of the Ultra-Fine II short needle 0.3-cc insulin syringe for botulinum toxin injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 931-3.
Alam M, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Pain associated with injection of botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted using isotonic sodium chloride with and without preservative: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 510-14.
Trindade de Almeida AR, Secco LC, Carruthers A. Handling botulinum toxins: An updated literature review. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37: 1553-65.
Alam M, Bolotin D, Carruthers J et al. Consensus statement regarding storage and reuse of previously reconstituted neuromodulators. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: 321-6.
Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SV et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114(Suppl): ls-18s.
Carruthers JDA, Glogau RG, Blitzer A et al. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies: Consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121(Suppl): 5s-30s.
Raspaldo H, Baspeyras M, Bellity P et al. Upper-and mid-face anti-aging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: The 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus - part 1. J. Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10: 36-50.
Jankivic J. Needle EMG guidance for injection of botulinum toxin: Needle EMG guidance is rarely required. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 1568.
Pribitkin EA, Greco TM, Goode RL, Keane WM. Patient selection in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles with botulinum toxin type A injection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 321-6.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Samireh S. Dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin in the treatment of glabellar rhytides in females. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31:414-22.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. A single-center, dose-comparison, pilot study of botulinum neurotoxin type A in female patients with upper facial rhytids: Safety and efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60(6): 972-79.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. A single-center dose-comparison study of botulinum neurotoxin type A in females with upper facial rhytids: Assessing patients’ perception of treatment outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8(10): 942-29.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in men with glabellar rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31:1297-303.
Flynn TC. Botox in men. Dermatol Ther 2007; 20: 407-13.
Monheit G, Lin X, Nelson D, Kane M. Consideration of muscle mass in glabellar line treatment with botulinum toxin type A. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11(9): 1041-45.
Keaney TC, Alster TS. Botulinum toxin in men: Review of relevant anatomy and clinical trial data. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:1434-43.
Bowe WP, Chekuri B, Eidelman ME. Neurotoxin techniques for men. Cosmet Dermatol - A Supplement to Cutis 2013: 22-8.
Alam M, Dover JS, Klein AW, Arndt KA. Botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional facial lines: Where not to inject. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 1180-85.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin type A treatment of multiple upper facial sites: Patient-reported outcomes. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: slO-7.
Moers-Carpi M, Carruthers J, Fagien S et al. Efficacy and safety of OnaBTX-А for treating crow’s feet lines alone or in combination with glabellar lines: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: 102-12.
Benedetto AV. The cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 641-55.
Lehrer MS, Benedetto AV. Boutlinum toxin - an update on its use in facial rejuvenation. Cosmet Dermatol 2005; 4: 285-97.
Binder WJ, Blitzer A, Brin MF. Treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 1198-205.
Frankel AS, Kamer FM. Chemical browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 321-23.
Ahn MS, Cotton M, Maas CS. Temporal browlift using botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105: 1129-35.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Eyebrow height after botulinum toxin type A to the glabella. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: s26-31.
Fagien S. Temporary management of upper lid ptosis, lid malposition and eyelid fissure asymmetry with botulinum toxin type A. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114: 1892-902.
Steinsapir KD, Groth MJ, Boxrud CA. Persistence of upper blepharoptosis after cosmetic botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: 833-40.
McKinney P, Camirand A, Carraway JH et al. Secondary upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Aesthet Surg J 2004; 24(1): 51-9.
Zoumalan CI, Lisman RD. Evaluation and management of unilateral ptosis and avoiding contralateral ptosis. Aesthet Surg J 2010; 30(3): 320-8.
Malik KJ, Lee MS, Park DJJ. Lash ptosis in congenital and acquired blepharoptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125(12): 1613-15.
Northington ME, Huang CC. Dry eyes and superficial punctate keratitis: A complication of treatment of glabellar dynamic rhytides with botulinum exotoxin A. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 1515-17.
Fagien S. Botulinum toxin type A for facial aesthetic enhancement: Role in facial shaping. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112 (Suppl 5): 6s-18s.
Alam M, Arndt KA, Dover JS. Severe, intractable headache following injection with botulinum A exotoxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 62-5.
Ashkenazi A, Silberstein S. Is botulinum toxin useful in treating headache? Yes. C.urr Treat Options Neurol 2009; 11(1): 18-23.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, and Cohen J. Dilution volume of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytides: Does it matter? Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S97-104.
Sclafani AP, Jung M. Desired position, shape, and dynamic range of the normal adult eyebrow. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12(2):123-7.
Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA et al. Botulinum toxin type A injections: Adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53:407-15.
Wieder JM, Moy RL. Understanding botulinum toxin. Surgical anatomy of the frown, forehead, and periocular region. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 1172-4.
Hsu TS, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Effect of volume and concentration on the diffusion of botulinum exotoxin A. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 1351-4.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Cohen J. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in female subjects with horizontal forehead rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 461-7.
Rohrich RJ, Janis JE, Faigen S, Stuzin JM. The cosmetic use of botulinum toxin. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112: 117s-87s.
Ozsoy Z, Gene B, Gozu A. A new technique applying botulinum toxin in narrow and wide foreheads. Aesth Plast Surg 2005; 39:368-72.
Oliveira de Morais O, Reis-Filho EM, Pereira LV et al. Comparison of four botulinum neurotoxin type A preparations in the treatment of hyperdynamic forehead lines in men: A pilot study. J Drugs Dermatol 2012; 11(2): 216-19.
Matarasso SL. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 1249-54.
Keen M, Kopelman JE, Aviv JE et al. Botulinum toxin A: A novel method to remove periorbital wrinkles. Facial Plast Surg 1994; 10(2): 141-6.
Matarasso SL. Comparison of botulinum toxin types A and B: A bilateral and double- blind randomized evaluation in the treatment of canthal rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 7-13.
Lowe NJ, Lask G, Yamauchi P. Bilateral, double-blind, randomized comparison of 3 doses of botulinum toxin type A and placebo in patients with crows feet. JAAD 2002; 47: 834-40.
Carruthers A, Bruce S, de Coninck A et al. Efficacy and safety of OnaBTX-A for the treatment of crow’s feet lines: A multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40:1181-90.
Patrinely JR, Anderson RL. Anatomy of the orbicularis oculi and other facial muscles. In: Jan-kovic J, Tolosa E (eds). Adv Neurol. Vol. 49; Facial Dyskinesias. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988.
Lowe NJ, Ascher B, Heckmann M. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in subjects with crow’s feet. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 257-62.
Kane MAC. Classification of crow’s feet patterns among Caucasian women: The key to individualizing treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112(5): 33s-9s.
Matarasso SL, Matarasso A. Treatment guidelines for botulinum toxin type A for the periocular region and a report on partial upper lip ptosis following injections to the lateral canthal rhytids. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108(1): 208-14.
Lemke BN, Stasior OG. The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100: 981-6.
Matarasso SL. Decreased tear expression with an abnormal Schirmer’s test following botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of lateral canthal rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 149-52.
Knize DM. An anatomically based study of the mechanism of eyebrow ptosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 97: 1321.
Alex JC. Aesthetic considerations in the elevation of the eyebrow. Facial Plast Surg 2004; 20: 193-98.
Y alcinkaya E, Cingi C, Soken H, Ulusoy S, Muluk NB. Aesthetic analysis of the ideal eyebrow shape and position. Eur Arch Otorhinolar-yngol 2016; 273: 305-10.
Westmore MG. Facial cosmetics in conjunction with surgery. Paper Presented At: Aesthetic Plastic Surgical Society Meeting-, May 7, 1974; British Columbia, Canada: Vancouver.
Angres GG. Blepharopigmentation and eyebrow enhancement techniques for maximum cosmetic results. Ann Ophthalmol 1985; 17(10): 605-11.
Cook TA, Brownrigg PJ, Wang TD et al. The versatile midforehead browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115(2): 163-8.
Gunter JP, Antrobus SD. Aesthetic analysis of the eyebrows. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99(7): 1808-16.
Roth JM, Metzinger SE. Quantifying the arch position of the female eyebrow. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2003; 5(3): 235-9.
Biller JA, Kim DW. A contemporary assessment of facial aesthetic preferences. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2009; 11(2): 91-7.
Schreiber JE, Singh NK, Klatsky SA. Beauty lies in the “Eyebrow” of the beholder: A public survey of eyebrow aesthetics. Aesthetic Surg J 2005; 25: 348-52.
Baker SB, Dayan JH, Crane A, Kim S. The influence of brow shape on the perception of facial form and brow aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119(7): 2240-7.
Goldman M. Festoon formation after intraorbital botulinum A toxin: A case report. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 560-1.
Flynn TC, Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum A toxin treatment of the lower eyelids improves infraorbital rhytides and widens the eye. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 703-8.
Flynn TC, Carruthers JA, Clark RE. Botulinum A toxin (BOTOX) in the lower eyelid: Dose-finding study. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 943-50.
Balikian RV, Zimbler MS. Primary and adjunctive uses of botulinum toxin type A in the periorbital region. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2007; 40: 291-303.
Azib N, Charrier JB, de Saint Cyr BC et al. Anatomy & Lip Enhancement. Master Collection Volume 4. Paris, France: Expert 2 Expert SARL; 2013.
Freiman A, Bird G, Metelitsa Al et al. Cutaneous effects of smoking. J Cutan Med Surg 2004; 8(6): 415-23.
Paes EC, Teepen HJ, Koop WA, Коп M. Perioral wrinkles: Histologic differences between men and women. Aesthet Surg J 2009; 29(6): 467-72.
Standring S (ed). Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 41st ed. New York: Elsevier; 2016.
Rogers CR, Meara JG, Mulliken JB. The philtrum in cleft lip: Review of anatomy and techniques for construction. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25( 1):9—13.
Mulliken JB, Pensler JM, Kozakewich HP. The anatomy of Cupids bow in normal and clef lip. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 92: 395-403.
Vinkka-Puhakka H, Kean MR, Heap SW. Ultrasonic investigation of the circumoral musculature. JAnat 1989; 166: 121-33.
Latham RA, Deaton TG. The structural basis of the philtrum and the contour of the vermillion border: A study of the musculature of the upper lip. JAnat 1976; 121(1): 151-60.
Bo C, Ningbei Y. Reconstruction of upper lip muscle system by anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging, and serial histological sections. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: 48-54.
Baker SR. Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2007.
Rogers CR, Mooney MP, Smith TD et al. Comparative microanatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle between chimpanzees and humans: Evolutionary divergence of lip function. JAnat 2009; 214:36-44.
Zufferey JA. Importance of the modiolus in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110(1): 331-4.
Salasche SJ, Bernstein G, Senkarik M. Surgical Anatomy of the Skin. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange; 1998.
Yu SK, Lee MH, Kim HS et al. Histomorphologic approach for the modiolus with reference to reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24: 1414-17.
Rubin LR, Mishriki Y, Lee G. Anatomy of the nasolabial fold: The keystone of the smiling mechanism. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989; 83: 1-10.
Al-Hoqail RA, Abdel Meguid EM. An anatomical and analytical study of the modiolus: Enlightening its relevance to plastic surgery. Aesthet Plast Surg 2009; 33: 147-52.
Choi YJ, Kim JS, Gil YC et al. Anatomical considerations regarding the location and boundary of the depressor anguli oris muscle with reference to botulinum toxin injection. Plast Recontr Surg 2014; 134: 917-21.
Atamoros FP. Botulinum toxin in the lower one third of the face. Clinics in Dermatol: Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Medicine (Part 1) 2003; 21:505-12.
Fagien S. BOTOXR for the treatment of dynamic and hyperkinetic facial lines and furrows: Adjunctive use in facial aesthetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103: 701-13.
Carruthers JA, Glogau RG, Blizter A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers and combination therapies - consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121(5 Suppl): 5s-30s.
Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SL et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114(Suppl 6): Is.
Smychyshyn N, Sengelmann R. Botulinum toxin a treatment of perioral rhytides. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 490-5.
Cohen JL, Dayan SH, Cox SE et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA doseranging study for hyperdynamic perioral lines. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 1497-1505.
Coleman KR, Carruthers J. Combination therapy with BOTOX and fillers: The new rejuvenation paradigm. Dermatol Ther 2006; 19(3): 177-88.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A, Moheit GD et al. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation: Satisfaction and patient-reported outcomes. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36(Suppl 4): 2135-45.
Klein AW. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Seminars Cut Med Surg 2001; 20: 109-20.
Alam M, Dover JS, Klein AW et al. Botulinum A exotoxin for hyperfunctional facial lines. Where not to inject. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 1180-5.
Mazzuco R. Perioral wrinkles. In Hexsel D, de Almeida ART, (eds). Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin. Porto Allergre, Brazil: AGE Editora; 2002.
Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: Its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1974; 53: 384-7.
Rubin LR. The anatomy of the nasolabial fold: The keystone of the smiling mechanism. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103: 687-91.
Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Gummy smile and botulinum toxin: A new approach based on the gingival exposure area. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63: 1042-51.
Benedetto AV. Asymmetric smiles corrected by botulinum toxin serotype A. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33(Suppl 1): s32-s36.
Lindsay RW, Edwards C, Smithson C et al. A systematic algorithm for the management of lower lip asymmetry. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32(1): 1-7.
Hur MS, Kim HJ, Lee KS. An anatomic study of the medial fibers of depressor anguli oris muscle passing deep to the depressor labii inferioris muscle. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: 214-6.
Hur MS, Hu KS, Cho JY et al. Topography and location of the depressor anguli oris muscle with a reference to the mental foramen. Surg Radiol Anat 2008; 30: 403-7.
Carruthers JD, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies - consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121: 5s-36s.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Aesthetic botulinum A toxin in the mid and lower face and neck. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 468-76.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin A in the mid and lower face and neck. Dermatol Clin 2004; 22: 151-8.
Trevidic P, Sykes J, Criollo-Lamilla G. Anatomy of the lower face and botulinum toxin injections. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135(Suppl 5): 84s-91s.
Pessa JE et al. The anatomy of the labiomandibular fold. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101(2): 482-6.
Blitzer A, Brin MF, Green PE et al. Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1987; 98:93-7.
Loos BM, Mass CS. Relevant anatomy for botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 2003; 11: 439-43.
Papel ID, Capone RB. Botulinum toxin A for mentalis muscle dysfunction. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001; 3: 268-9.
Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: Anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119(7): 2219-27.
Sposito MM. New indications for botulinum toxin type A in cosmetics: Mouth and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 110(2): 601-11.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 1189-94.
Hoefflin SM. The platysma aponeurosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 97: 1080-8.
Hoefflin SM. Anatomy of the platysma and lip depressor muscles. A simplified mnemonic approach. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24: 1225-31.
Ellengbogen R, Karin JV. Visual criteria for success in restoring the youthful neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66: 826-37.
Petrus GM, Lewis D, Maas CS. Anatomic considerations for treatment with botulinum toxin. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 2007; 15: 1-9.
Vistnes LM, Souther SG. The anatomical basis for common cosmetic anterior neck deformities. Ann Plast Surg 1979; 2: 381-8.
Levy PM. The “Nefertiti lift:” A new technique for specific re-contouring of the jawline. J Cos Las Ther 2007; 9: 249-52.
Levy PM. Neurotoxins: Current concepts in cosmetic use on the face and neck-jawline contour-ing/platysma bands/necklace lines. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136(Suppl 5): 80s-83s.
Mulholland RS. Nonexcisional, minimally invasive rejuvenation of the neck. Clin Plast Surg 2014; 41: 11-31.
Rohrich RJ, Rios JL, Smith PD et al. Neck rejuvenation revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118(5): 1251-63.
Cardoso de Castro C. The anatomy of the platysma muscle. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980; 66(5): 680-3.
Pogrel AM et al. Anatomic evaluation of anterior platysma muscle. Int J Oral Maxillafac Surg 1994; 23: 170-3.
Janfaza P, Nadol JB, Galla HJ et al. Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck. Philadelphia: Lipincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
Cardoso de Castro C. The changing role of platysma in face lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105: 764-75.
Brandt FS, Boker A. Botulinum toxin for rejuvenation of the neck. Clin Dermatol 2003; 21: 513-20.
Matarasso A, Matarasso SL, Brandt FS et al. Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103: 645-52.
Brandt FS, Bellman B. Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin for the aging neck. Dermatol Surg 1999; 24: 1232-4.
de Almeida ART, Romiti A, Carruthers JDA, The facial platysma and its underappreciated role in lower face dynamics and contour. Dermatol Surg 2017; 0:1-8.
Bae GY, Yun YM, Seo К et al. Botulinum toxin injection for salivary gland enlargement evaluated using computed tomographic volumetry. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 1404-07.
Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin (BOTOX*) chemodenervation for facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 2001; 9(2): 197-204.
Blitzer A. Botulinum neurotoxin A for the management of lower facial lines and platysmal bands. In: Lowe, ed. Textbook of Facial Rejuvenation: The Art of Minimally Invasive Combination Therapy. London: Martin Dunitz; 2002.
Kane MAC. Nonsurgical treatment of platysmal bands with injection of botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103(2): 656-63.
Kane MAC. Nonsurgical treatment of platysma bands with injection of botulinum toxin A revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112(Suppl 5): S125-S126.
Klein AW. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Sem Cut Med Surg 2001; 20: 109-20.
Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Aviv JE. The management of hyperfunctional facial lines with botulinum toxin: A collaborative study of 210 injection sites in 162 patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 389-92.
Vartanian AJ, Dayan SH. Complications of botulinum toxin A use in facial rejuvenation. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America: Botox 2003; 11(4): 483-92.
Vartanian AJ, Dayan SH. Complication of botulinum toxin A use in facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 2005; 13: 1-10.
Benedetto AV. Commentary: Botulinum toxin in clinical medicine: Part II. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22(l):l-2.
Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso S. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114(Suppl): 15-25.
Isaac C, Gimenez R, Ruiz RO. Breast wrinkles (decollete folds). In: Hexsel D, de Almeida ART (eds). Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin. Porto Allegre, Brazil: AGE Editora; 2002, 178-81.
Richards A, Ritz M, Donahoe S et al. BOTOX* for contractions of pectoral muscles. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 108: 270-1.
Benedetto AV Botulinum toxin in clinical medicine. Clin Dermatol 2003; 21(6): 465-8.
Brennan PA, Mahadevan V, Evans ВТ, Clinical Head and Neck Anatomy for Surgeons, CRC Press: Boca; 2016.
De Almeida ART, Romiti A, Carruthers JDA. The facial platysma and its underappreciated role in lower face dynamics and contours, Dermatol Surg 2017; 0: 1-8.
Benedetto AV, Cosmetic uses of BoNTs on the lower face, neck and upper chest. In: Benedetto A, ed., Botulinum Toxins in Clinical Aesthetic Practice, 2nd ed, London: Informa Healthcare; 2011, 173-8.
Kalimuthu R, Yegiyants S, Brenzek C. Anatomy of the breast, axilla, and chest wall. In: Breast Disease: Conprehensive Management, A I Riker (ed.). Springer Science + Business Media, New York. 2015, 1-22.
Prendergast P. Anatomy of the breast. In: Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques, M A Shiftman and A Di Giuseppe (eds.). Springer, Berlin. 2013, 47-55.
Hamdi M, Wiiringer E, Schlenz I, Kuzbari R. Anatomy of the breast: A clinical application. In: Vertical Scar Mammoplasty. Springer. 2005,1-8.
Mugea T. New breast volume and ptosis classification. In: Aesthetic Surgery of the Breast, T Mugea and M A Shiftman (eds.). Springer Science + Business Media, New York. 2015,605-32.
Regnault P. Breast ptosis, definition and treatment. Clin Plast Surg 1976; 3(2): 193-203.
Rinker B, Veneracion M, Walsh C. Breast ptosis causes and cure. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 64(5): 579-84.
Shiftman M. Classification of breast ptosis. In: Breast Augmentation. Principles and Practice, M A Shiftman (ed.). Springer Science + Business Media, New York. 2009, 251-255.
Wheeler A, Smith H. Botulinum toxins: Mechanisms of action, antinociception and clinical applications. Toxicology. 2013; 124-46.
Smith K, Perez-Atamoros E Other dermatologic uses of botulinum toxin. In: Botulinum Toxin in Clinical Dermatology, A V Benedetto (ed.). Taylor & Francis, UK. 2006, 219-36.
Irkoren S, Ozkan H, Ceylan E, Sivrioglu N, Tataroglu C, Durum Y. The effect of botox on the implant stabilization and capsular formation. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 75: 91-7.
Kim S, Moosang A, Piao Y, Choi D, Yi M, Shin N. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on TGF-beta/ Smad pathway signaling: Implications for Silicone-induced capsule formation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 138(5): 821e-829e.
Winocour S, Murad M, Bigdoli-Moghaddam M, Jacobson S, Bite U, Saint-Cyr M, Tran N, Lemaine V. A systematic review of the use of botulinum toxin type A with subpectoral breast implants. J of Plastic, Recons Aesth Surg 2014; 67: 34-41.
Gabriel A, Champaneria M, Maxwell P. The efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. A Pilot Study. Aesth Surg /2015; 35(4): 402-9.
Cattin T. Botulinum toxin for Tethering of breast implants. Plast Recons Surg. Letters ahd view of points. 2005; 116(2): 687-8.
ODonnell C. Pectoral muscle spasms after mastectomy succesfully treated with botulinum toxin injections. Phys Med and Rehab 2011; 2011(3): 781-2.
Dessy L, Mazzocchi M, Scuderi N. Treatment of post Mastectomy pain syndrome after Mastopexy with botulinum toxin. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67(6): 873-4.
de Carlos E, Cabezon A, Mosquera M, Rodriguez G, Ruiz-Soldevilla JM, Sancho B. Botulinum Toxin application for the pain control in breast cancer. Rehabilitation (Madr) 2012; 46(2): 112-9.
Dessi L, Curinga G, Mazzocchi M, Scuderi N. Treatment of muscular Pseudogynecomastia with Botulinum Toxin. Letter to the Editor. Aesth Plast Srg 2007; 31: 104-6.
Sundaram H, Kiripolsky M. Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the upper eyelid and brow. Clin Plast Surg 2013; 40: 55-76.
Seo KK. Botulinum Toxin for Asians. Jeju: Seoul Medical Publishing Ltd.; 2014, 116-9.
Sundaram H, Huang PH, Hsu NJ et al. Aesthetic applications of incobotulinumtoxinA in Asians: An international, multidisciplinary, pan-Asian consensus. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016; 4(12); e872.
Yang HM, Kim HJ. Anatomical study of the corrugator supercilii muscle and its clinical implication with botulinum toxin A injection. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 35: 817-21.
Tzou CH, Giovanoli P, Ploner M, Frey M. Are there ethnic differences of facial movements between Europeans and Asians? Br J Plast Surg 2005; 58: 183-195.
Lee Y, Hwang K. Skin thickness of Korean adults. Surg Radiol Anat 2002; 24: 183-9.
Sykes JM. Management of the aging face in the Asian patient. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2007; 15: 353-60.
Seo KK. Botulinum Toxin for Asians. Jeju: Seoul Medical Publishing Ltd.; 2014: 120-32.
Seo KK. Botulinum Toxin for Asians. Jeju: Seoul Medical Publishing Ltd.; 2014: 84-97.
Seo KK. Botulinum Toxin for Asians. Jeju: Seoul Medical Publishing Ltd.; 2014: 161-4.
Xu JA, Yuasa K, Yoshiura К et al. Quantitative analysis of masticatory muscles using computed tomography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1994; 23(3): 154-8.
Kim HJ, Yum KW, Lee SS, Heo MS, Seo K. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on bilateral masseteric hypertrophy evaluated with computed tomographic measurement. Dermatol Surg 2003;29: 484-9.
Yu CC, Chen PK, Chen YR. Botulinum toxin A for lower facial contouring: A prospective study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007; 31:445-451; discussion 452-443.
Mandel L, Tharakan M. Treatment of unilateral masseteric hypertrophy with botulinum toxin: Case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57: 1017-9.
Kim NH, Chung JH, Park RH, Park JB. The use of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic mandibular contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115(3): 919-30.
Kim KS, Byun YS, Kim YJ, Kim ST. Muscle weakness after repeated injection of botulinum toxin type A evaluated according to bite force measurement of human masseter muscle. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 1902-6.
Seo KK. Botulinum Toxin for Asians. Jeju: Seoul Medical Publishing Ltd.; 2014: 209-11.
Bae GY, Yune YM, Seo K, Hwang SL Botulinum toxin injection for salivary gland enlargement evaluated using computed tomographic volumetry. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 1404-7.
Elluru RG. Physiology of the salivary glands. In: Flint P, Haughey B, Lund V et al. (eds). Cummings Otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2010. Chapter 84.
Dessy LA, Mazzochhi M, Rubino C et al. An objective assessment of botulinum toxin A effect on superficial skin texture. Ann Plast Surg 2997; 58: 469-473.
Chang SP, Tsai HH, Chen WY, Lee WR, Chen PL, Tsai TH. The wrinkles soothing effect on the middle and lower face by intradermal injection of botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: 1287-94.
Rose AE, Goldberg DJ. Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 443-8.
Shah AR. Use of intradermal botulinum toxin to reduce sebum production and facial pore size. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 847-50.
Kurzen H, Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kawashi-ma K, Grando SA. The non-neuronal cholinergic system of human skin. Harm Metab Res 2007; 39: 125-35.
Li ZJ, Park SB, Sohn КС et al. Regulation of lipid production by acetylcholine signalling in human sebaceous glands. J Dermatol Sci 2013;72:116-22.
Seo K, Lee W. Medytoxin/Neuronox’. In: Carruthers JCA (ed). Botulinum Toxin. Philadelphia: Elsevier 2012, 52-8.
Wu WT. Facial and lower limb contouring. In: Benedetto A (ed). Botulinum Toxins in Clinical Aesthetic Practice. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011, 206-22.
Raspaldo Н, Baspeyras М, Bellity Р. et al. Upper-and mid-face anti-aging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: The 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus - part I. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10: 36-50.
Raspaldo H, Baspeyras M, Gassia V. et al. Upper-and mid-face anti-aging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: The 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus - part 2. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 10(2): 131-49.
Philipp-Dormston WG, Bergfeld D, Sommer B, and the Onabotulinumtoxin Consensus Group. Consensus recommendations on the use of onabotulinumtoxin A in aesthetic medicine. JDDG 2012; ll(Suppl. 1): 1-41.
Carruthers JDA, Glogau RG, Blitzer A, and the Facial Aesthetics Consensus Group Faculty. Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies-consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121(S Suppl): 5S-30S.
Kane M, Donofrio L, Ascher В et al. Expanding the use of neurotoxins in facial aesthetics: A consensus panels assessment and recommendations. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9(1 Suppl): s7-22; quiz s23-5.
Ascher B, Talarico S, Cassuto D et al. International consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A (Spey-wood Unit) - Part I: Upper facial wrinkles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24(11): 1278-84.
Ascher B, Talarico S, Cassuto D et al. International consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A (Spey-wood Unit) - Part II: Wrinkles on the middle and lower face, neck and chest. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24(11): 1285-95.
Maas C, Kane MA, Bucay VW et al. Current aesthetic use of AbobotulinumtoxinA in clinical practice: An evidence-based consensus review. Aesthet Surg J 2012; 32(1 Suppl): 8S-29S.
Contemporary view of facial wrinkles therapy with Dysport. Consensus materials of International Expert Council with comments of Russian Expert Group. Publishing House Cosmetic & Medicine, 2014.
Yutskovskaya Y, Gubanova E, Khrustaleva I et al. IncobotulinumtoxinA in aesthetics: Russian multidisciplinary expert consensus recommendations. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8: 297-306.
Carruthers J, Fournier N, Kerscher M, Ruiz-Avila J, De Almeida RT, Kaeuper G. The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine—A global, evidence-based botulinum toxin consensus education initiative. Part II: Incorporating botulinum toxin into aesthetic clinical practice. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 510-25.
Prager W, Bee EK, Havermann I, Zschocke I. IncobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of platysmal bands: A single-arm, prospective proof-of-concept clinical study. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41 (Suppl 1): S88-92.
Allergan, Inc. Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A) purified neurotoxin complex (Package Insert). Irvin, California: Allergan, Inc., revised January; 2016.
Garcia A, Fulton JE Jr. Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin: A dose-response study. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22: 39-43.
Hexsel DM, de Almeida AT, Rutowitsch M et al. Multicenter, double-blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before application. 2003; 29: 523-9.
Hui JI, Lee WW. Efficacy of fresh versus refrigerated botulinum toxin in the treatment of lateral periorbital rhytids. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 23(6): 433-8.
Alam M, Bolotin D, Carruthers J Consensus statement regarding storage and reuse of previously reconstituted euromodulators. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41: 321-6.
Yang GC, Chiu RJ, Gillman GS. Questioning the need to use Botox within 4 hours of reconstitution: A study of fresh vs. 2-week-old Botox. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2008; 10: 273-9.
Trindade de almeida AR, Cardoso Secco L, Carruthers A. Handling Botulinum toxins: An updated literature review. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37: 1553-65.
Hsu J, Dover J, Arndt K. Effect of volume and concentration on the diffusion of botulinum exotoxin A. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 1351-4.
Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SL. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114(6 Suppl): 1S-22S.
Klein AW. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Dis Mon 2002; 48: 336-56.
Alam M, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Pain associated with injection of botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted using isotonic sodium chloride with and without preservative: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 510-4.
Amado A, Jacob SE. Letter: Benzyl alcohol preserved saline used to dilute injectables poses a risk of contact dermatitis in fragrance-sensitive patients. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 1396-7.
Menon J, Murray A. Microbial growth in vials of Botulinum toxin following use in clinic. Eye (Lond) 2007; 21: 995-7.
Alam M, Yoo SS, Wrone DA, et al. Sterility assessment of multiple use botulinum A exotoxin vials: A prospective simulation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55: 272-5.
Liu A, Carruthers A, Cohen JL et al. Recommendations and current practices for the reconstitution and storage of botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67: 373-8.
Trindade de Almeida AR, Kadunc BV, Di Chiacchio N, Neto DR. Foam during reconstitution does not affect the potency of botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 530-1.
Kazim NA, Black EH. Botox: Shaken, not stirred. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2008; 24: 10-12.
Flynn TC, Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Surgical pearl: The use of the Ultra-Fine II short needle 0.3 cc insulin syringe for botulinum toxin injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 931-3.
Parsa AA, Lye KD, Don Parsa F. Reconstituted botulinum type A neurotoxin: Clinical efficacy after long-term freezing before use. Aesth Plast Surg 2007; 31: 188-91.
Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Cohen J. Dilution volume of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytides: Does it matter? Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: S97-104.
Allergan, Inc. Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex (Package Insert). Irvin, California: Allergan, Inc., revised October 2017.
Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA, Walton MK, Bruan MM. Botulinum toxin type A injections: Adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases. JAAD 2005; 53: 07-415.
Gershon SK, Wise RP, Braun MM. Adverse events reported with cosmetic use of Botulinum toxin A. Pharmacoepidemiology Drug Safety 2001; 10(Suppl): S135-6.
В ходе подготовки статей по дерматологии для пользователей сайта МедУнивер - отечественная литература не использовалась.
